经济基本面、住宅价格与居民住房支付能力——以区域差异为视角的面板数据模型估计

本文在构建住宅价格、经济基本面与住房支付能力关系模型的基础上,以区域差异、收入差异为视角,利用2000-2006年我国29省市的数据检验住宅价格、经济基本面对住房支付能力的影响效应.研究结果表明,住宅价格、经济基本面对居民住房支付能力的影响存在明显的区域差异.住宅价格在西部地区的影响低于东、中部,收入和食品消费支出在东部地区的影响高于中、西部.住房贷款利率和居住消费支出在中、西部的影响高于东部地区.医疗消费支出在中部地区的影响不显著,教育消费支出在中部地区的影响明显大于东、西部.政府应该根据各地区居民住房支付能力的差异、影响因素的不同制定政策,提高居民住房支付能力.     

城市人口规模、公共服务供给对租户住房支付能力的影响——基于70个大中城市的面板数据分析

基于2011—2019年我国70个大中城市的面板数据,构建地理距离和经济距离两种权重矩阵,利用空间杜宾模型考察城市人口规模、公共服务供给对租户住房支付能力的影响,结果显示,人口规模、公共服务供给均对本地区租户住房支付能力有显著的负向影响,对邻近大中城市及经济属性相似的大中城市均有显著的溢出效应。根据研究结论,建议应落实“人地房”挂钩政策,增加租赁住房供应;推进公共服务均等化,缩减租户住房支付能力差距;建立就业援助机制,提高租户收入水平。     

保障房对住房支付能力区域差异的影响研究--以经济适用房为例

文章首先选取29个省市为样本对象,以房价收入比作为住房支付能力的计算方法,运用泰尔指数对其住房支付能力区域差异进行了测度。随后,计算了经济适用房价格区域差异和供给区域差异的泰尔指数,并采用灰色关联模型对不同空间尺度上的住房支付能力区域差异与经济适用房价格区域差异和供给区域差异之间的关系进行了分析。结果表明,我国住房支付能力区域的总体差异变化趋势较为平稳,住房支付能力的总体差异主要是由区域内差异引起的;经济适用房对住房支付能力区域差异的影响主要是通过经济适用房价格区域差异造成的。最后,文章从关注东部地区住房支付能力区域差异、合理确定经济适用房价格和不断加大经济适用房供给量三个方面给出了缩小我国住房支付能力区域差异的政策建议。     

中国城市住房价格变动影响因素分析

近10多年来,我国房地产业高速发展,住房市场价格呈现持续上涨的特征。本文运用聚类分析方法,依据房价波动情况,将全国35个大中城市划分为三类。在此基础上,从全国层面以及不同类别城市的角度进行比较分析,通过回归分析得出以下结论:除了地价、居民收入、信贷规模等宏观性的影响因素外,城市基础设施、教育、医疗卫生等公共服务的投入也在一定程度上影响着房价的变动以及不同城市房价水平的差别。     

城镇居民住房与支付能力分析

虽然住宅价格是由住宅市场的供给和需求决定的，但从长期来看，住宅价格应该与城市居民家庭的住房支付能力相适应。     

房产税能够降低房价吗——基于DID方法对我国房产税试点的评估

基于2006-2012年全国35个大中城市的面板数据,利用DID(倍差法)检验了上海、重庆房产税试点对商品房价格、商品房中住宅价格以及住宅中高档住宅价格的影响。研究发现,我国房产税试点中不存在明显的政策预期效应;房产税试点显著降低了住宅价格,但对商品房价格和高档住宅价格影响不显著。因此,对房地产市场调控而言,仅仅依赖房产税政策将存在较大的局限性,需结合其他手段进行综合调控。     

信贷约束对住宅市场的影响效应——基于动态面板模型的研究

本文通过构建消费者—开发商两部门的房地产市场局部均衡模型,研究信贷约束对住宅市场的影响效应。本文利用1999～2009年中国35个大中城市的面板数据,采用动态面板GMM估计方法考察银行信贷对住宅消费和住宅价格的影响。实证结果显示:银行信贷对房地产价格产生显著的正向影响,表明信贷约束是当前房价增幅下降的重要因素之一;个人住房贷款和房地产开发贷款对房价的正向影响效应存在差异,前者的作用小于后者;个人住房贷款对居民住宅消费产生显著的正向影响,是影响居民住宅消费的最重要因素。     

我国城市房价短期波纹效应的实证

房价的波纹效应为近期学术界所关注.基于我国7个地区35个大中城市2011年1月-2015年2月的月度新建住宅价格指数,本文通过建立向量误差修正模型并运用方差分解,结合空间计量经济学的空间相关性理论证实了我国城市间房价存在短期波纹效应.研究结果表明:中部、东北、北部沿海、东部沿海、南部沿海、大西南和大西北7个地区均存在明显的波纹效应;在各区域核心城市组合中,广州作为全国性核心城市主导我国住宅价格的波动,北京、沈阳、重庆则表现出一定的独立性;我国城市房价波动的动态特征表明现阶段存在独立性和依赖性两种类型的城市.     

租售比与中国城市住房泡沫*

本文在住房消费性和投资性需求基础上,通过泡沫和无泡沫租售比测度住房泡沫。本文对中国1996-2013年35个大中城市数据分析发现：第一,北京、上海等16个城市存在住房泡沫;第二,房价预期易催生东部和一线城市而非中西部和二三线城市住房泡沫;第三,利率政策对抑制中西部和二三线城市住房泡沫比东部和一线城市更有效;第四,住房存量过大引发住房泡沫;第五,房贷和开发成本助长住房泡沫;第六,土地财政助长住房泡沫,但股票市场回报率抑制住房泡沫。     

降价“潮起”

8月18日,国家统计局公布7月份我国70个大中城市住宅销售价格变动情况。数据显示,70个大中城市中,新建商品住宅(不含保障性住房)价格环比下降的城市有64个,持平的城市有4个,上涨的城市有两个。作为昔日房价堡垒的一线城市,正在面临着降价声的围剿。据统计局数据显示,7月北上广深四大一线城市房价首次环比全面下跌,新房二手房皆未幸免。市场上花样百出的楼盘降价促销——零首付、降价险、低价团购、七     

The long run relationship between private consumption and wealth: common and idiosyncratic effects

We investigate the long run relationship between private consumption, disposable income and wealth approximated by equity and house price indices for a panel of 15 industrialized countries. Consumption, income and wealth are cointegrated in their common components. The impact of house prices exceeds the effect arising from equity wealth. The long run vector is broadly in line with the life cycle permanent income hypothesis, if house prices are allowed to enter the relationship. At the idiosyncratic level, a long run equilibrium is detected between consumption and income, i.e. the wealth variable can be excluded. The income elasticity in the idiosyncratic relationship is significantly less than unity. Hence, the presence of wealth effects in consumption equations arises from the international integration of asset markets and points to the relevance of risk sharing activities of agents. Without sufficient opportunities, an increase in national saving rates would be expected, leading to a lower path of private consumption expenditures.     

Population and house prices in the United Kingdom

Real house prices rise in the United Kingdom amid growing concern of an impending correction. The rate of household formation has increased with strong population growth, due to elevated rates of natural increase and net migration, and lack of growth in average household size, due to a rise in single‐person households with population ageing. This paper presents an overlapping generations model of housing, endogenous labour, savings and growth to analyse the effect of an increase in the household formation rate and speculative demand under rational expectations on house prices in a general equilibrium. We find that real house prices rise over time if the rate of household formation outstrips the rate of housing supply, but do not follow a speculative bubble path in the long run. The results explain why the upward trend in real house prices reflects market fundamentals and has continued despite population ageing as the number of working and retired households grows relative to the number of older people seeking to sell.     

城市化对房价的影响:线性还是非线性?——基于四种面板数据回归模型的实证分析

文章从线性和非线性两个角度分析了中国城市化进程对房价的影响。通过对各省历年房价和城市化的核密度估计空间分布分析,发现城市化和房价之间存在明显的正相关性,并且各省份的城市化和房价水平存在"双峰"分布特征和空间相关性。这说明在分析城市化对房价的影响时应考虑可能的门限效应和空间溢出效应这两种非线性关系。据此,文章基于中国30个省份1998-2009年的面板数据,使用普通面板回归、空间面板回归、门限面板回归和平滑门限面板回归这四种模型进行分析发现,城市化水平对本地区和相邻地区的房价均具有显著的促进作用,且在经济增长水平较高、人力资本集聚的地区,城市化对房价的促进作用更加显著。     

The transmission of financial shocks in an estimated DSGE model with housing and banking

We develop a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) model with housing and banking to study the transmission of financial shocks between the financial and real sectors. A deterioration in the bank's balance sheet induced by financial shocks could have amplified and persistent impacts on real activities. The amplification of the shocks are originated from financial frictions tied to households and banks. We find that a disruption in bank net worth initiated by capital quality shocks generates a decline in household loans, house prices and output. Bank liquidity shocks also have negative effects on these variables. Housing preference shocks could generate a positive comovement between house prices and output. All these findings are qualitatively consistent with empirical evidence, suggesting that these financial shocks are critical to the dynamics of house prices and other macroeconomic variables.     

财政分权、房价上涨与消费抑制

本文认为财政分权水平的提高是中国房价上涨和居民消费下降的重要制度性因素。首先,我们基于省际面板数据模型获得了这一观点的经验证据,在控制了货币增长(通货膨胀)等因素后,可以发现财政分权水平的提高对房价上涨和消费下降有显著的影响。为了增强这一结论的稳健性,我们构建了一个包含财政分权和房价的动态一般均衡模型,从理论机制上确认了财政分权对于房价上涨和消费下降的重要性。     

Do changes in the fundamentals have symmetric or asymmetric effects on house prices? Evidence from 52 states of the United States of America

Time-series studies that have tried to establish the long-run relationship between house prices and economic fundamentals have been criticized due to low power of their cointegration tests. On the other hand, those who have used panel data and panel tests to increase the power have found mixed results. Both groups have assumed that changes in the fundamentals have symmetric effects on house prices. In this article, we use nonlinear ARDL approach to cointegration and error-correction modelling and quarterly data from each of the states in the US to show that changes in the fundamentals have asymmetric effects on house prices, in the short run as well as in the long run. Cointegration between house prices and fundamentals is established in 30 states and in District of Columbia.     

Will euro area house prices sharply decrease?

The long-term euro area house price equilibrium and its short-term dynamics are estimated by means of a panel error correction model. The estimates show that the short-term dynamics are essentially driven by the autoregressive term (persistence), disposable income and mortgage loans, whereas interest rates have little effect. The long-term house price equilibrium is mainly driven on the demand side by disposable income, interest rates, and mortgage loans, whereas costs (mostly land) drive the equilibrium on the supply side. The unprecedented long-lasting boom in house prices from 1997 to 2007 is thus essentially explained by a favourable macroeconomic development caused by the EMU effect and a glut of global savings. The bust phase of euro area house prices began in 2007, and the current house price might return to its equilibrium level in 2014. According to the most realistic scenario, euro area house prices will experience a smooth and soft landing in 2016 and then begin an increasing phase that will be pulled upwards by a higher equilibrium price. However, a deflationary scenario cannot be excluded if the current credit squeeze is not solved, particularly in the peripheral euro area member states.     

The drivers of household indebtedness reconsidered: An empirical evaluation of competing arguments on the macroeconomic determinants of household indebtedness in OECD countries

Abstract

Household debt is at a record high in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and it played a crucial role in the recent financial crisis. Several arguments on the macroeconomic drivers of household debt have been put forward, and most have been empirically tested, albeit in isolation of each other. This article empirically tests 7 competing hypotheses on the macroeconomic determinants of household indebtedness together in one econometric study. Existing arguments suggest that residential house prices, upward movements in the prices of assets demanded by households, the income share of the top 1%, falling wages, the rolling back of the welfare state, the age structure of the population, and the short-term interest rate drive household indebtedness. We formulate these arguments as hypotheses and test them for a panel of 13 OECD countries over the period 1993–2011 using error correction models. We also investigate whether effects differ in boom and bust phases of the debt and house price cycles. The results show that the most robust macroeconomic determinant of household debt is real residential house prices, and that the phase of the debt and house price cycles plays a role in household debt accumulation.     

收入差距、家庭可支配收入与商品房价格：基于广州市的实证研究

论文使用1998—2009年广州市商品房价格和城镇居民不同收入家庭可支配收入来分析房价与收入差距和家庭可支配收入之间的关系。实证检验发现,收入差距扩大为房价上涨的Granger原因,但是房价并不是收入差距的Granger原因。房价对低、中低收入户的家庭可支配收入有较大影响,而中、中高收入户的家庭可支配收入是房价上涨的主要推动力量,高收入家庭既促进了房价上涨同时也从中受益最大。政策制定应该依据房价与不同收入户的家庭可支配收入之间的关系而具体实施,不能一概而论。     

Sunspots and self-fulfilling beliefs in the U.S. housing market

This paper provides a rational expectations equilibrium framework to organize the following observations about the U.S. housing market from 1975 to 2007: (i) housing occupancy patterns were approximately constant, (ii) rents were stable, and (iii) house prices appreciated considerably in the late 1990s. I develop a model based on search and matching theory and close it by specifying a state of household confidence that is assumed to take one of two sunspot-driven values: normal or exuberant. The model generates a substantial increase in house prices and stable rents as the probability of the exuberant state increases, driven by self-fulfilling beliefs. I explore which aspects of the parameterization are important for generating a large appreciation in house prices in the model.