中国式财政分权下的地方政府行为与地方银行经营效率

从地方保护主义和不当行政干预的视角出发,实证检验了中国式财政分权下的地方政府行为对地方银行经营效率的异质性影响。结果显示:地方保护主义存在"软约束"效应,虽然可以给地方银行带来"优质资源",但也会导致地方银行产生依赖性,最终阻碍地方银行经营效率的提升;不当行政干预存在"硬约束"效应,会扭曲信贷资源配置、降低信贷资产质量,最终阻碍地方银行经营效率的提升;微观层面上,地方银行扩张资产规模、开展跨区域经营活动,会抑制"软约束"效应和"硬约束"效应;宏观层面上,法治水平的提高,会抑制"软约束"效应和"硬约束"效应,财政收入占比、政绩压力和财政赤字的上升,则会加剧"软约束"效应和"硬约束"效应。     

金融支持、不良贷款与内生金融产权

中国的金融体系在经济转轨过程中起到了重要作用,但同时也付出了一定的代价,一来银行体系中的巨额不良贷款积累了大量风险,二来滞后的金融市场化改革逐渐成为经济转轨的最大障碍之一.本文通过建立一个政府与银行间的两阶段动态博弈模型,分析蕴涵在其中的真正机理:由于存在政策性贷款和商业性贷款的分离,带来了信息不对称和预算软约束问题,从而使银行无动力改善经营,政府为解决信息问题带来的负面影响又不得不进一步提高对银行的产权份额.解决这些问题的根本途径是从真正意义上消除政策性贷款和商业性贷款的差别,惟此才能硬化预算约束,才能矫正内生金融产权对银行激励机制的扭曲.     

企业、银行和政府三方还贷博弈研究

预算软约束已成为国有企业改革的阻碍因素,并影响经济转型期的政企、银企关系,而政府对于债务的软预算约束是企业信贷违约的原因之一,根据企业还贷过程中相关利益者的相互博弈,建立一个企业、银行、政府之间三方博弈模型来分析它们之间的行为及其目标差异对企业信贷违约的影响。模型分析表明：政府出于政治和经济利益的考虑,通过补贴银行和企业来实施对企业还贷的软预算约束,而银行在衡量了政府补贴和清算得失之后有可能对企业再贷款。解决预算软约束和企业信贷违约的关键在于＂政府、银行、企业＂之间的关系处理,企业完全按市场化运作,建立科学的法人治理结构,让政府从企业中逐步退出,硬化企业的预算约束环境,从而降低企业的信贷违约的概率。     

基层行实行商业化的难点浅说

<正> 政府职能转换迟缓,行政干预难以排除。 由于历史的体制的原因,我国基层银行与地方政府存在行政隶属关系,各地政府出于考虑本地经济利益,往往直接干预或介入基层行的经营活动和资金安排,诸如指导银行“搞点贷”,发放“安定团结贷款”、“赋税入库贷款”等等,影响了基层行业务经营和贷款自主权的正常发挥,同时也使得信贷资金财政化倾向日趋严重。     

企业向银行申请贷款的博弈分析

文章分析企业向银行申请贷款时的博弈均衡问题。在企业向银行申请贷款的博弈中,是否存在政府干预,对商业银行和企业之间的博弈均衡有很大影响。     

信贷风险、监管约束与银行最优行为

本文在观察到中国银行业信贷膨胀背景下几个典型事实后,基于国内外巴塞尔协议与银行行为的研究成果,通过在C-C模型的基础上植入信贷风险和存贷比约束进行了两个方面的拓展。在这个新的理论框架下,我们不仅分析了资本松约束和资本紧约束下银行的最优行为,同时也研究了银行资本的决定因素。我们发现,外部融资成本的增加、惩罚力度的加大、存贷比要求的提高、贷款边际成本的上升以及垄断势力的强化,都将使得银行资本量趋于下降,但各个变量具体的作用机制存在很大不同。更重要的是,逆周期性的信贷损失和凸形的惩罚函数具有双重强化银行资本顺周期性特征,法定最低资本充足要求的提高,只有在满足特定条件下,才可能带来银行实际资本的增加。通过对银行信贷膨胀机理的深入解析,本文为有关政策抉择提供了某种理论依据。     

贷款利率市场化抑制了非金融企业影子银行化吗

以放松贷款利率管制为准自然试验,基于2007-2018年中国A股上市企业数据,运用双重差分法探究贷款利率市场化改革对非金融企业影子银行化的影响及机制。研究发现,贷款利率市场化对非金融企业影子银行化产生了抑制作用,但政策效果随着时间推移逐渐减弱。机制分析表明,放松贷款利率管制有助于缓解企业融资约束,打破预算软约束,弱化了企业参与影子银行业务的动机;同时提高了银行间竞争程度,减轻了信贷歧视,从而抑制非金融企业影子银行化行为。进一步分析发现,积极推进地方政府治理、加强金融部门监管以及发挥媒体监督作用,有助于增强贷款利率市场化对非金融企业影子银行化的抑制效果。研究结论为中国深层次推进利率市场化改革,引导实体经济“脱虚向实”提供新的微观层面经验证据。     

银行个体特征对贷款行为差异性的影响——来自中国银行体系制度约束的经验研究

文章从我国当前银行体系制度约束的典型事实出发,通过建立面板门限模型和面板向量自回归模型,考察了紧缩性政策下我国银行个体特征决定贷款行为差异性的影响机制。研究表明,在以资产主导型的盈利模式、较为宽松的资本金补充机制和完善的银行间同业市场制度的约束下,如果银行的资产规模越小,资本充足率和流动性比率越高,可能会面临较高的外部融资成本,并且贷款下降幅度较大。反之,如果银行的资产规模越大,资本充足率和流动性比率越低,就会面临较低的外部融资成本,而贷款下降幅度较小。这也就意味着,由银行个体特征所引致的贷款行为差异性,有可能会弱化货币当局通过银行贷款渠道传导紧缩性政策意图的力度。     

地方政府债务是否会影响银行系统性风险——基于土地财政、僵尸贷款及期限错配渠道

防范及化解银行系统性风险是守住不发生系统性风险底线的重中之重,也是实现中国经济高质量发展的重要保障。文章选取2011—2020年中国32家上市银行年度数据,构建面板回归模型对地方政府债务对银行系统性风险的影响及其作用机制进行了实证分析。研究表明：（1）地方政府债务对银行系统性风险具有促进作用。相对于非国有银行部门,地方政府债务对国有银行部门系统性风险的促进力度更大。（2）土地财政、僵尸贷款及期限错配在地方政府债务与银行系统性风险的关系中承担着多重中介作用,地方政府债务主要通过增大土地财政效应、提高银行僵尸贷款规模及加大银行期限错配渠道来促进银行系统性风险,“地方政府债务-土地财政/僵尸贷款/期限错配-银行系统性风险”的传导渠道均有效。（3）政府金融干预与财政纵向失衡对地方政府债务与银行系统性风险关系均具有正向调节作用,政府金融干预度与财政纵向失衡度的提高均会加剧地方政府债务对银行系统性风险的促进作用。该成果将为科学设定地方政府债务规模及防控银行业系统性风险提供理论指导与决策参考。     

解决国有商业银行不良资产问题若干思考

我国国有商业银行不良资产余额高、占比大、增长快。银行不良资产主要是由于政府对国有企业发放的带有隐性财政补贴性质的贷款造成的。对于借款人因市场化经营失利而造成的不良资产,应建立和发展规范的不良资产市场。充分发挥市场机制在不良资产运营中的作用。对于政策性指令贷款而形成的不良资产。在政策上应放宽这类贷款的核销条件。对于人为造成的不良资产,必须坚决地启动司法程序,将其绳之以法,追缴所侵吞的银行资金。     

金融危机、货币政策与信贷供给*——基于公司层面银行信贷数据的经验研究

不同的银行特征会对金融危机和货币政策传导的银行信贷渠道产生异质性影响。本文运用2001-2015年公司层面银行信贷数据实证检验了我国货币政策传导的银行信贷渠道,随后进一步研究金融危机对不同特征银行信贷供给的影响差异。经验研究发现：我国货币政策银行信贷渠道主要通过非国有控股银行传导,并引起不同资产负债表特征银行信贷供给的异质性反应。银行规模越大、流动性越强、资本充足率越高,银行信贷供给对货币政策越不敏感。金融危机期间,银行信贷渠道的传导效率显著降低,高资本充足水平的银行和国有控股银行受金融危机的冲击较小,并且宽松的货币政策对国有控股银行信贷供给调控的效率更高。     

Default probability of a captive credit bank with government capital injections: A capped barrier option approach

Auto dealers use floorplan financing to buy cars from the original equipment manufacturer (OEM) with credit typically provided by the OEM's captive credit bank. The purpose of this paper is to explicate and model captive bank lending to dealers and determine the loan-risk default probability in equity returns of the captive bank under government capital injections during a financial crisis. The lending function of the captive bank necessitates modeling equity return as a “capped” barrier option. Numerical exercises show that a decrease in the discount rate of the floorplan financing or an increase in the amount of government capital injection decreases the default probability in equity returns of the captive bank. Floorplan or government assistance enables the captive bank to be much less prone to loan risk, specifically with large-scale dealers which can substantially affect the stability of the banking system.     

Firm credit in the euro area: a tale of three crises

Using survey data from 2009 to 2011, we analyse the effects of the recent euro area economic, financial and private debt crisis on the supply of and demand for bank finance for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). At the country level, we identify three distinct aspects of the recent crisis in the euro area affecting firm credit through different channels. Controlling for country fixed effects, the impact of a weak real economy on firm credit operates both by reducing firms’ demand for bank financing and by lenders increasing loan rejections and tightening terms and conditions on credit allocated. On the other hand, financial conditions have no significant effect on demand, but they do affect credit supply as we find that financial tensions worsen the chances of obtaining credit and its terms and conditions. We interpret this as evidence of a bank balance sheet channel negatively impacting credit provision. We find that private sector indebtedness has important effects on SMEs’ credit access and its terms and conditions.     

Credit in Times of Stress: Lessons from Latin America during the Global Financial Crisis

The 2008–2009 global financial crisis disrupted the provision of credit in Latin America less than in previous crises. This paper tests whether specific characteristics at both the bank and country levels at the onset of the global crisis contributed to the behavior of real credit growth in this region during the crisis. As shown, financial soundness characteristics of Latin American banks, such as capitalization, liquidity, and bank efficiency in the pre‐crisis period, played a role in explaining the dynamics of real credit during the crisis. We also found that foreign banks and banks that had expanded credit growth more before the crisis were also those that cut credit the most. Among country‐specific characteristics, we found evidence that balance sheet measures such as the economy's overall currency mismatches and external debt ratios (measuring either total debt or short‐term debt) were key variables in explaining credit growth resilience.     

Bank efficiency and industry growth during financial crises

Financial crises pose many problems for growth, and in this time of increasing financial instability it is important to fully understand why this happens. Many papers have analyzed the relationship between growth and a country's level of financial development using private credit, which leads to several unexpected problems. However, very few have used bank efficiency to gauge the development of the financial sector. The aim of this paper is to analyze the effect of bank efficiency on value-added growth of industries that were most dependent on external financing during the financial crisis. Specifically, it uses the data envelopment analysis (DEA) method to measure the efficiency of the banking sector across countries, according to the empirical strategy offered by Rajan and Zingales (1998). Our main result shows that bank efficiency relaxed credit constraints and increased the growth rate for financially dependent industries during the crisis. This finding shows the great but overlooked importance of bank efficiency in mitigating the negative effects of financial crises on growth for industries that are most dependent on external financing.     

中央银行在应对经济危机中的作用及局限——马克思的论述及其当代价值

马克思以英格兰银行为例,深入地研究了中央银行在应对资本主义经济危机中的作用,其主要思想可以概括为三个方面.一是中央银行具有国家货币管理机构和信用枢纽的双重性质,这决定了中央银行有应对经济危机的内在职能.二是存在两种货币危机,即货币资本运动引发的"特种危机"和"任何危机的一个阶段".针对"特种危机",中央银行的应对措施既...     

Why don't banks lend to Egypt's private sector?

Bank credit to Egypt's private sector decreased over the last decade, despite a recapitalized banking system and high rates of economic growth. Recent macro-economic turmoil has reinforced the trend. This paper explains the decrease based on credit supply and demand considerations by 1) presenting stylized facts regarding the evolution of the banks' sources and fund use in 2005 to 2011, noting two different cycles of external capital flows, and 2) estimating private credit supply and demand equations using quarterly data from 1998 to 2011. The system of simultaneous equations is estimated both assuming continuous market clearing and allowing for transitory price rigidity entailing market disequilibrium. The main results are robust to the market clearing assumption. During the global financial crisis, a significant capital outflow stalled bank deposit growth, which in turn affected the private sector's credit supply. At the same time, the banking sector increased credit to the government. Both factors reduced the private sector's credit supply during the period under study. After the trough of the global crisis, capital flowed back into Egypt and deposit growth stopped being a drag on the supply side, but bank credit to the government continued to drive the decrease in the private sector's credit supply. Beginning in the final quarter of 2010, capital flows reversed in tandem with global capital markets, and in January 2011 the popular uprising that ousted President Hosni Mubarak added an Egypt-specific shock that accentuated the outflow. Lending capacity dragged again, accounting for 10% of the estimated fall in private credit. Credit to the government continued to drain resources, accounting for 70–80% of the estimated total decline. Reduced economic activity contributed around 15% of the total fall in credit. The relative importance of these factors contrasts with that of the preceding capital inflow period, when credit to the government accounted for 54% of the estimated fall, while demand factors accounted for a similar percentage.     

Further evidence on the credit view: the case of Finland

The present paper provides further empirical evidence on the credit view (i.e., bank credit availability has a positive impact on macroeconomic activity) by investigating the case of Finland. The Finnish economy suffered a severe recession in the early 1990s that was marked by widespread banking crisis and extensive government intervention. Using monthly data for the 1980–1996 period, unrestricted and restricted vector autoregression (VAR) models with GDP, money supply, consumer prices, bank credit, and exports were estimated. It is found that, while money supply had the largest effect on economic output, bank credit exhibited a fairly strong effect on output that exceeded price effects for the most part. Exports had little impact on fluctuations in GDP but did help to explain industrial output changes over time. Based on these results, it is concluded that there is empirical support for the credit view in Finland. By implication, government intervention in Finland to restore safety and soundness during the banking crisis likely limited further damage to the macroeconomy associated with disruption of credit intermediation services.     

论银行体系在货币投机攻击中的融资角色

20世纪末爆发于东南亚国家的金融危机给该地区乃至整个世界经济都造成了严重的损失。危机之后一些学者对于该地区银行的经营业绩与危机之间的关系作了大量的研究,研究结果表明经营状况较差的银行体系往往会诱发货币危机的爆发。本文在前人研究的基础上独辟蹊径,论述了一国良好的银行体系在投机性货币攻击中所扮演的角色,进而提出了对一国国内信贷量进行控制的政策操作建议。     

外汇储备、银行危机与政府政策

本文探讨了在实行固定或钉住汇率制度条件下,面对商业银行清偿能力危机时,政府是否应该救助的问题。经研究发现:在外汇储备充足时,当商业银行的不良资产较多,或该国的信贷市场处于不断发展与扩张的阶段,政府应该救助;在外汇储备不充足时,当该国的信贷市场处于不断发展与扩张的阶段,政府应该救助;当商业银行的不良资产较多时,政府是否救助视该国具体情况而定;当该国外债规模较大时,政府不应该提供救助。