The utilisation of engineering services bulk infrastructure components in integrated development planning

In practice, infrastructure planning has generally tended to follow land-use planning, with infrastructure costs seeming to play no role in the generation of land-use strategies. To address this problem, a bulk infrastructure cost model has been developed to provide a tool for planners to ensure the incorporation of bulk infrastructure capacity and cost considerations into the early, land suitability assessment phase of the integrated development planning process. The output of the model is in the form of potential cost contours, which facilitates the relative comparison of infrastructure costs for different density scenarios. Bulk engineering services infrastructure relating to water, sanitation and electricity has been included in the model. The theoretical underpinning of the model is threshold analysis, and the three essential elements are threshold, density and cost. They are incorporated into the model through capacity analysis. The set density levels convert into the number of additional person units required which, in turn, is translated into infrastructure capacity demand. Existing infrastructure network and facility design capacities are compared with the current utilisation of infrastructure in order to quantify the capacity supply situation. The comparison of capacity demand with capacity supply determines whether or not additional infrastructure is required. If infrastructure is required, the required infrastructure investment is calculated. The resulting relative costs are mapped and incorporated into a wider land suitability assessment model. Infrastructure costs vary with location according to local land use, geotechnical, environmental and built conditions, making the role of the geographic information system in the model appropriate and important.     

The municipal infrastructure investment unit: The government's PPP‐enabling strategy

The South African government is committed to helping local governments make full use of service delivery ‘partnerships’ in improving the quality of essential urban services for its citizens, as so many other governments are now doing worldwide. A key part in this effort is being played by the Municipal Infrastructure Investment Unit (MIIU), a not‐for‐profit company established in 1998 for the purpose of using grant funding and technical help to guide the process of preparing and negotiating concession contracts and other forms of municipal service partnerships at the local level across South Africa. This article covers the MIIU's operations and rationale in an effort to describe one important way in which the government is responding to the challenges associated with extending basic municipal service provision to all of its citizens.     

An investment model for Indian manufacturing

Zusammenfassung Ein Investitionsmodell für die verarbeitende Industrie Indiens. — Unter Verwendung von Daten aus 25 Branchen der indischen verarbeitenden Industrie wird in dieser Arbeit ein neoklassisches Modell der Investitionsnachfrage aufgestellt, in das Anpassungskosten in den Anpassungsprozeβ eingebaut sind. Die Ergebrisse zeigen, daβ das Modell die Determinanten der privaten Investition in Indien erfolgreich wiedergibt, besonders für den Anpassungsprozeβ. Hier stimmen die Erwartungen bezüglich der Anpassungsgeschwindigkeit mit Erwartungen überein, die auf der Industriestruktur Indiens sowie auf ?hnlichen Untersuchungen in den Vereinigten Staaten basieren. W?hrend die Gesamtergebnisse bei der Spezifizierung des gewünschten Kapitalstocks weniger zufriedenstellend sind, wird eine gute Spezifizierung für 15 der 25 Branchen erzielt. Es wird festgestellt, daβ steuerliche Maβnahmen im allgemeinen effektiv sind, daβ die Produktion im allgemeinen durch Produktionsfunktionen mit konstanten Koeffizienten charakterisiert ist

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Résumé Un modèle de l’investissement pour les industries manufacturières aux Indes. — En utilisant des dates pour 25 industries manufacturières aux Indes, cet article teste un modèle néo — classique de la demande d’investissement qui introduit les co?ts de l’ajustement dans le processus de l’ajustement. Les résultats obtenus indiquent que le modèle représente très bien les déterminants de l’investissement privé aux Indes, particulièrement en ce qui concerne le processus de l’ajustement. Dans ce cas, les expectatives quant à la vitesse de l’ajustement correspondent aux expectatives basées sur les structures industrielles indiennes ainsi que sur la comparaison avec des études similaires pour les Etats-Unis. Tandis que les résultats globaux pour la spécification du stock désiré de capital sont moins satisfaisants, 15 des 25 industries sont représentées avec succès par des spécifications. Il est trouvé que la politique fiscale est, en général, effective et que la production est généralement bien caractérisée par des fonctions de production aux facteurs fixes. En outre, les changements des co?ts d’exploitation (user cost) peuvent exercer une influence majeure sur l’investissement, en particulier si ces changements sont provoqués par la politique monétaire qui peut produire des changements plus larges dans les co?ts d’exploitation du capital.

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Resumen Un modelo de inversión para la industria manufacturera hind?. — Utilizando datos de 25 industrias manufactureras de la India, el autor opera un modelo neoclasico de demanda de inversión que incluye los costos de ajuste en el proceso de adaptación. Los resultados obtenidos indican que el modelo representa de forma satisfactoria los determinantes de la inversión privada en la India, particularmente en el caso de procesos de adaptación. Las expectativas sobre la velocidad del ajuste concuerdan con las expectativas basadas en cambios estructurales de la industria hindú así como con resultados obtenidos en estudios similares efectuados para los Estados Unidos. A pesar de que los resultados sobre el stock deseado de capital especificado son menos satisfactorios, para 15 de las 25 industrias las especificaciones son buenas. Además queda comprobado que la politica de impuestos es en general efectiva; que la técnica de producción envuelve generalmente relaciones fijas de los factures de producción; y que cambios en el costo del uso de capital pueden tener un impacto significante sobre la inversión, especialmente si estos cambios tienen su origen en la política monetaria que es la que mayores alteraciones en estos costos puede producir.

     

统筹城乡发展的地方政府投资选择思考

本文从统筹城乡发展的基本内涵入手,分析了当前统筹城乡发展中地方政府投资存在的问题和成因,提出了地方政府投资要适应统筹城乡发展的对策建议。     

Can integrated infrastructure investment plans contribute to more effective public spending? The case of Mozambique

All countries, especially developing countries with limited financial resources, face difficult decisions in prioritising public funds for investment projects in the face of multiple demands in order to achieve strategic public goals. Effective investment often requires coordination between different institutions and the management of political pressure to divert investment in support of private interests. It also requires the identification of appropriate sources of funds for different purposes. The preparation of an integrated infrastructure investment plan (IIIP) that uses structured approaches to review investment proposals has been suggested, and adopted in some cases, as an instrument to address these challenges and bridge the gap between national planning and sectoral budgeting. This article considers the experience of Mozambique in deploying an IIIP as well as some recent events and concludes that the instrument may be helpful as part of a system of investment planning and allocation but that it has significant limitations.     

The contribution of infrastructure investment to Britain's urban mortality decline, 1861–1900

It is well‐recognized that both improved nutrition and sanitation infrastructure are important contributors to mortality decline. However, the relative importance of the two factors is difficult to quantify since most studies are limited to testing the effects of specific sanitary improvements. This article uses new historical data regarding total investment in urban infrastructure, measured using the outstanding loan stock, to estimate the extent to which the mortality decline in England and Wales between 1861 and 1900 can be attributed to government expenditure. Fixed effects regressions indicate that infrastructure investment explains approximately 30 per cent of the decline in mortality between 1861 and 1900. Since these specifications may not fully account for the endogeneity between investment and mortality, additional specifications are estimated using lagged investment as an instrument for current investment. These estimates suggest that government investment was the major contributor to mortality decline, explaining up to 60 per cent of the reduction in total urban mortality between 1861 and 1900. Additional results indicate that investment in urban infrastructure led to declines in mortality from both waterborne and airborne diseases.     

对生产资料价格指数作为先行指标的有效性分析

风险项目投资常常采用分阶段投资的形式 ,它为项目创造了一个追加投资的机会 ,本文引入期权理论、利用B—S期权定价模型来评估这个机会的价值 ,从而有效克服了传统净现值法的局限 ,增加了风险项目投资决策的合理性和科学性。     

The development tariff and investment in municipal heat supply systems

For years, investment in municipal housing and public utilities (MHPU) has been pronounced a cure-all for the woes of this sector in Russia. Housing services will certainly attract private investors. This assumption is, however, hardly justified for the debt-ridden monopolistic public utilities, where rates are strictly regulated and investment efficiency is low. Private investors expect to return their money. A federal law adopted at the end of 2004 pointed at an obvious source of return on investment, i.e., the investment component of the tariff turning a payback tariff into a development tariff. In this connection, it is important to find out whether the development tariff can be used to secure an acceptable payback period for investments in heat supply systems when the household solvency is low, if tariff rise entails sharp growth in budgetary expenditures on subsidies for the population, and the current heating tariff often fails to reach even the production cost level.     

Agricultural planning,pricing policy and co-operatives in Vietnam

In the competition between national government and local co-operatives, a central contradiction in socialist rural development, the price system, market control and terms of trade are crucially related to the relative power and capacity of the central government to control ratios of accumulation and consumption. In Vietnam there is a dynamic interaction between government and agricultural producers over pricing policy and paradoxically, it is the co-operative, primarily viewed by the state as a means of providing cheap food, which has strengthened the collective bargaining position of agricultural producers. The government has had to introduce material incentives to expand agricultural production beyond subsistence levels and bow to pressure to alter the previous accumulation/consumption ratios in favour of consumption.     

筹资和投资活动的纳税筹划

筹资和投资是企业重要的财务活动,对企业的理财目标有重大影响。本文主要从实用的角度,提出纳税筹划在投资、筹资活动中的具体运用,以期得到能实现企业利益最大化的理财方案。     

Estimating a poverty line: An application to free basic municipal services in South Africa

One of the key interventions aimed at improving the welfare of South African households has been local government's provision of a package of free basic municipal services to poor households. It is, however, not completely clear how different municipalities identify households that are eligible for these services. Evidence suggests that many municipalities currently provide services to all households with a monthly income of less than R1500 a month. This ‘free basic services poverty line’ is, however, low in comparison with a number of unofficial poverty lines used by policymakers and researchers in South Africa. This paper considers the impact of increasing the value of the free basic services line, in terms of the additional share and number of households eligible for support and the additional financial cost. We find that urban municipalities would face the steepest increases in their free basic services budgets with any potential increase in the free basic services poverty line.     

Coping with poverty in international assistance policy: An evaluation of spatially integrated investment strategies

International assistance agencies have turned increasingly to integrated rural development policies in an attempt to ameliorate the inequitable distribution of economic growth plaguing Third World nations since World War II. This paper reviews the functionally and spatially integrated investment strategies of the World Bank, USAID and the United Nations, outlines their objectives, perceptions of the problem, basic assumptions and programmes, and evaluates them in terms of potential difficulties for implementation. Those factors crucial to making integrated development policies operational — knowledge of human ecosystems in rural areas, analytical ability, operational procedures, arrangements for local participation, subsistence systems indicators and administrative capacity of local and national governments — are discussed and assessed.     

城市规划中污水的治理与水资源保护利用

水是生物生存不可缺少的自然资源和环境资源,水资源状况直接影响着经济社会的持续发展.城市污水系统,不仅是城市基础设施的重要组成部分,而且作为城市水循环的重要环节,对城市及相关流域范围的水环境、水资源影响重大.笔者作为编制<合肥市污水规划(2002～2005年)>的项目负责人和主要工作人员,在编制过程中,根据最新颁布的各相关的国家标准、规范,以紧密结合合肥市实际情况为出发点,合理地确定合肥市的排水体制、污水总量及各污水量标准,以发展的思路划分城市的污水系统,力图通过工程措施实现对水资源的保护及综合利用.该规划不仅体现了对城市饮用水源二个水库的保护,还包括了污水再生利用规划和污泥处置的内容,使得城市污水规划的内容更为全面,不仅将对该市的基础设施建设起到了良好的指导作用,而且也是落实国家水资源保护政策的具体举措.     

Analysis of the relationship between urban management and urban planning

Recently years, urban management and urban planning are playing important roles in the urban development of China. During such fast urbanization era of China, it is important to understand the close relationship between the urban management and urban planning. On one hand, planners need to know the principles of how to manage a city and how to make plans. On the other hand, a scientific and rational urban planning keeping abreast of the times is a fundamental guarantee for achieving favorable economy, society and environment situation and strengthening the comprehensive competitive power of a city.     

Assessment of the effects of infrastructure investment under the belt and road initiative

Based on the estimated effect of infrastructure investment on total factor productivity (TFP) enhancing and trade costs reducing, this paper uses the data from Asian Development Bank to numerically assess the effects of Asian nations' infrastructure investment under the Belt and Road Initiative within the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, and the results show that most countries or regions' economic growth, welfare, foreign trade, and trade terms are promoted in varying degrees. However, some countries (regions) have suffered. Additionally, the existing division of labor and trade patterns between developed economies and developing countries somehow consolidated because of changes in trade. In addition, China's industrial transformation and upgrading will benefit from the infrastructure investment under the Belt and Road Initiative, namely, the traditional industries slowdown or decline and high-tech manufacturing and service industries speed up, along with the optimization of factor allocation among industries.     

论城市市政设施系统的生态整体设计

本文论述了生态城市的产生及国内外生态城市建设的现状 ,并与我国进行了比较分析。本文认为作为城市正常运转的基础和关键 ,市政设施系统的整体生态设计是整个城市生态建设的基石。进而以景观生态学为指导 ,着重从交通、给排水、垃圾回收、能源以及绿化等五个方面进行了市政设施系统的生态设计。     

中国保险市场与投资市场的互动研究:定价方法与实证

从新的观点出发,把保险公司的赔付情况与投资收益结合,对保险建立在一类条件较弱的投资背景下的线性正倒向随机微分方程的改进模型。根据一类特殊线性倒向随机微分方程的显式解,加入时间序列预测方法,给出了基于投资的保险定价公式,为保险公司厘定保险的保费提供新的可行性方法。