创业团队异质性对科技型新创企业绩效的影响

创业团队知识多样性和社会关系网络会对科技型新创企业技术创新产生较大影响,进而影响其成长。基于已有的创业团队异质性研究主要是借鉴高管团队异质性的研究结论,结合资源基础理论和社会交换理论,研究了知识异质性和社会关系网络异质性对新创科技型企业的作用机理,并探讨了创新氛围和社会关系网络质量在新创科技型企业资源整合及利用过程中的调节作用。对河南省304家科技型新创企业的实证研究发现,创业团队知识异质性与创业绩效间存在倒U型关系,并受到创新氛围的负向调节和社会关系网络质量的正向调节;创业团队社会关系网络异质性正向影响创业绩效,并受到创新氛围和社会关系网络质量的正向调节。     

The role of tacit knowledge in connecting knowledge exchange and combination with innovation

Using the Resource-Based View, this paper aims to provide a better understanding of the effect of knowledge on innovation. With this general aim in mind, we relate knowledge’s nature (tacit vs. explicit) and process (e.g. knowledge exchange and combination) to innovation. Using a sample of 105 innovative firms, we find a positive linear effect of tacit knowledge on innovation and a curvilinear relationship between knowledge exchange and combination and innovation. We also find a moderating effect of tacit knowledge on the curvilinear relationship between knowledge exchange and combination and innovation. We speculate on our findings and connect them to previous theory.     

知识交流视角下孵化网络动态演化与层级关联研究——以T孵化器网络为例

基于知识交流视角，构建孵化载体、在孵企业、服务机构分层嵌入的孵化网络模型框架，通过调研数据分析以T孵化器为核心节点的孵化网络拓扑结构动态演化过程，探究孵化网络不同层级之间知识交流相互关联的特点。结果表明，T孵化器网络密度呈指数下降，平均度稳中有升、增幅缓慢，平均路径长度和网络中心势呈对数增长，平均聚类系数在高值区间缓慢下降至稳定状态；T孵化器网络在演化过程中表现出自组织、无标度和小世界的复杂网络特性；“T孵化器-在孵企业”网络与“在孵企业-服务机构”网络之间、“T孵化器-服务机构”网络与“在孵企业-服务机构”网络之间的知识交流频次显著正相关。     

Which skills contribute most to absorptive capacity,innovation and productivity performance? Evidence from the US and Western Europe

ABSTRACT

Skills are widely recognised as central to absorptive capacity, that is, firms’ ability to identify and make effective use of knowledge, ideas and technologies that are generated elsewhere. But identification of the specific levels of education and skills that contribute most to the development of absorptive capacity is often hampered by the use of skill measures as proxies for absorptive capacity itself. Drawing on a cross-country industry-level dataset, we retain separate measures of key components of absorptive capacity, namely, skills, R&D investments and openness to foreign trade and investment. We then estimate a system of structural equations in order to evaluate the extent to which different levels of skill contribute to innovative output (measured by growth in patenting) and subsequently to growth in productivity. We find important roles for both high-level skills and upper intermediate (technician-level) skills in converting the knowledge sourcing opportunities provided by openness into innovative output. In final stages of production (making use of innovative output), productivity growth in countries near to the technological frontier is enhanced not just by high-level and upper intermediate skills but also by the skills of the workforce as a whole.     

领地性对员工创新行为的影响机制——以知识隐藏和不信任为连续中介

本文以知识隐藏与同事不信任为连续中介,从个体层面探究了领地性对员工创新行为的消极影响机制。通过对221份员工与员工、员工与直接管理者配对的样本数据进行分析,结果表明:(1)领地性正向影响知识隐藏和同事不信任感,负向影响员工创新行为;(2)知识隐藏中介领地性对同事不信任的影响;(3)同事不信任中介知识隐藏对创新行为的影响;(4)知识隐藏与不信任连续中介领地性与员工创新行为之间的关系。本研究结合自我延伸理论和社会交换理论,揭示了领地性对创新行为的消极作用,研究结论对于管理员工领地性、减少知识隐藏与不信任关系,以及促进创新行为具有重要意义。     

创新驱动经济增长:创客模式与传统创新模式比较研究

首先,对全球创客的发展史进行梳理,通过对比传统创新模式与创客模式下的创新流程差异,构建"知识—生产"两部门模型,从理论角度测度创客模式由于知识高度共享而深度释放的经济增长效应。然后,以上述理论模型为依据构造创客指数,用于衡量理想状态下各地区由于市场、经济以及制度安排等因素不同而带来的经济增长效应的相对差异,并讨论了两种创新模式与经济增长之间的具体作用机制以及二者分别适用的市场类型。     

小世界网络视角下外向型开放式创新输出机制建模及仿真研究

现有关于网络环境下开放式创新的研究大都聚焦于内向型开放式创新，对于外向型开放式创新的关注不足。为更加真实地展现创新网络中知识创新、创新输出的整体行为机制，基于小世界网络仿真建模方法，从创新输出企业视角，探究创新输出与创新网络、创新绩效之间的内在关系。结果发现：网络关系强度、创新开放度与网络整体知识水平呈正相关关系，而个体网络规模与网络整体知识水平呈非线性相关关系；网络关系强度与网络知识水平分布均匀性呈正相关关系，创新开放度、个体网络规模与网络知识水平分布均匀性均呈非线性相关关系；当企业创新能力较强、解吸能力较弱时，网络整体知识水平和网络知识分布差异较大。创新输出企业可以结合网络结构和网络关系，优化创新网络、主体能力与创新开放度，制定开放策略，从而实现获取创新收益与保持自身竞争优势的双重平衡。     

Absorptive capacity,knowledge sharing,and innovative behaviour of R&D employees

This study explores the interrelationship between absorptive capacity and knowledge sharing, which are innovation-specific antecedents of innovative behaviour. By differentiating the two sub-dimensions of absorptive capacity, potential and realised absorptive capacity, previous contradictory findings on the relationship between absorptive capacity and knowledge sharing are reconciled. To verify the research hypotheses, the survey responses from 138 R&D employees of a multinational electronics company are analysed through structural equation modelling. The results show that both sub-dimensions of absorptive capacity directly influence innovative behaviour. However, knowledge sharing’s effect on innovative behaviour is indirect through realised absorptive capacity. The research findings imply employees’ absorptive capacity and knowledge sharing among them should be nurtured simultaneously to facilitate innovative behaviour. In addition to providing employees with many opportunities to be exposed to external knowledge, internal communications among employees and exploratory trials exploiting external knowledge along with internal knowledge should be encouraged.     

Sectoral Patterns of Interactive Learning: An Empirical Exploration of a Case in a Dutch Region

This paper pursues the development of a theoretical framework that explains interactive learning between innovator firms and external actors in both the knowledge infrastructure and the production chain. The research question is: What kinds of factors explain the interactive learning of innovator firms with distinct external actors? Our theoretical framework extends the resource-based perspective, which is predominant in network theory, with both an activity-based and a structural account of interactive learning. We contend basically that higher technological dynamics induce more complex innovative activities. But, more complex innovative activities increase the probability of internal resource deficits/shortages in the innovator firms. The lower the alignment of the innovative activities with the quality of the internal resource base, the higher the resource deficits/shortages and the more likely the search for complementary resources externally, which increases the likeliness of external relationships. In order to test the generality of our theoretical claims we analyse our models in four sectors with distinct technological dynamics as distinguished by Pavitt. For each sector we explore five models of the level of interactive learning of innovator firms with: (1) the public knowledge infrastructure (difficult to access, demands high internal competencies to utilize scientific knowledge), (2) the production chain (easy to access), (3) their users, (4) their suppliers, (5) their competitors. These analyses allow for a comparison between interactive learning with different external actors and give deeper insights into the differentiated interaction patterns involving innovation. Our findings show that patterns of interactive learning between sectors differ. Some are more resource based and others are more affected by the complexity of innovative activities. Particularly the patterns of interactive learning between, on the one hand, firms and the knowledge infrastructure, and on the other hand of firms with the production chain show important differences.     

论知识可达性与区域经济增长

知识可达性(knowledge accessibility)是指一个区域(国家、地区、城市)与其他有关区域(同样也包括国家、地区、城市)之间,知识流动(溢出)的便捷程度。知识分布的空间差异是理解区域经济增长与区域经济差距的关键性因素。经济增长主要发生在产业集群高度可到达(可进入)的区位。从这个意义上讲,显示了区域经济增长过程的"区位依赖(location-dependent)"。在全球经济一体化背景下,一国一地区的发展都不可能是独立的。知识可达性的高低(或大小),反映了某一区域与其他区域进行知识交流的"机会"和"潜力",而这种接触机会、接触潜力是区域经济发展极为重要的因素。     

社会化网络环境下关键用户识别与产品知识扩散研究

随着社会化商务时代的到来,越来越多的商家意识到消费者网络对产品扩散的重要性,消费者网络节点重要性评价成为营销领域研究的重要内容。传统社会网络节点评价方法考虑了网络的局部拓扑结构,忽略了节点间的相互影响,PageRank考虑了来自邻居的影响力但忽视了节点间本身的重要性。提出了将社会网络中心性与PageRank方法相结合的消费者网络节点价值评价指标构建方法,基于现实数据构建了消费者网络,通过相似性算法对评价算法进行了讨论,运用SIS模型研究了不同节点的产品知识扩散效果,发现网络节点重要性与产品知识扩散显著相关,WCR算法优于传统中心性指标。     

结构洞对不同属性研发者创新绩效的权变影响研究

以往学者针对结构洞影响创新绩效的机制以及其在不同情境下的权变作用进行了研究,但关于结构洞对具有不同知识异质性水平以及整体网络嵌入性特征研发者的作用差异及其内在机理的研究比较缺乏。利用国内57家电子类高新技术企业专利数据,分别利用知识异质性和核心/边缘网络嵌入性刻画研发者的知识属性和网络属性,探讨了结构洞对创新绩效的权变影响。分析结果显示,研发者自身知识异质性及整体网络中心性对结构洞与创新绩效之间关系均具有正向调节作用,这表明,研发者自身知识优势与结构洞在功能上互补大于替代,对于研发者而言,整合处于核心位置的结构洞价值更大。最后对企业及研发人员提出了相关管理建议。     

知识距离、知识寻求与员工创新行为:有调节的中介模型

从知识共享接收者视角,探索不同类型人际关系中知识距离对员工创新行为的作用机制。研究表明,员工间较大的知识距离会抑制员工向同事的知识寻求进而抑制员工创新行为;员工与上级间较大的知识距离会抑制员工向上级的知识寻求继而抑制员工创新行为;同事信任在员工间知识距离与向同事知识寻求的行为关系中起负向调节作用,领导-成员交换在员工同上级的知识距离与向上级知识寻求的关系中起负向调节作用。     

Sectoral Patterns of Interactive Learning: An Empirical Exploration of a Case in a Dutch Region

This paper pursues the development of a theoretical framework that explains interactive learning between innovator firms and external actors in both the knowledge infrastructure and the production chain. The research question is: What kinds of factors explain the interactive learning of innovator firms with distinct external actors? Our theoretical framework extends the resource-based perspective, which is predominant in network theory, with both an activity-based and a structural account of interactive learning. We contend basically that higher technological dynamics induce more complex innovative activities. But, more complex innovative activities increase the probability of internal resource deficits/shortages in the innovator firms. The lower the alignment of the innovative activities with the quality of the internal resource base, the higher the resource deficits/shortages and the more likely the search for complementary resources externally, which increases the likeliness of external relationships. In order to test the generality of our theoretical claims we analyse our models in four sectors with distinct technological dynamics as distinguished by Pavitt. For each sector we explore five models of the level of interactive learning of innovator firms with: (1) the public knowledge infrastructure (difficult to access, demands high internal competencies to utilize scientific knowledge), (2) the production chain (easy to access), (3) their users, (4) their suppliers, (5) their competitors. These analyses allow for a comparison between interactive learning with different external actors and give deeper insights into the differentiated interaction patterns involving innovation. Our findings show that patterns of interactive learning between sectors differ. Some are more resource based and others are more affected by the complexity of innovative activities. Particularly the patterns of interactive learning between, on the one hand, firms and the knowledge infrastructure, and on the other hand of firms with the production chain show important differences.     

Remittances and the real effective exchange rate

We examine the long-run relationship between remittances and the real exchange rate for less-developed countries. In a key departure from the literature, we employ a panel cointegration approach using an innovative method for the measurement of the multilateral real effective exchange rate and we focus on high-remittance economies. We find a small inelastic, but significant, long-run relationship which confirms a Dutch disease type effect. The short-run relationship is explored using a panel vector error correction model which confirms that short-run causality is unidirectional running from remittances to the exchange rate. Potential asymmetries in this relationship are identified using quantile regression analysis.     

价值网络内企业创新能力、企业间关系与资源利用战略及绩效

研究了价值网络内企业创新能力、企业间关系、企业创新能力与企业间关系交互对价值网络内企业资源利用战略的作用,以及资源利用战略对绩效的影响。研究结果表明：①企业创新能力显著正向影响自主式资源利用战略;②企业间关系显著正向影响整合式资源利用战略;③创新能力与企业间关系的交互作用显著正向影响自主式资源利用战略,但并未显著正向影响整合式资源利用战略;④自主式战略显著正向影响企业绩效;⑤整合式资源利用战略显著正向影响企业绩效。     

Research and development in the growth process

This paper introduces into Schumpeterian growth theory an important element of heterogeneity in the structure of innovative activity—namely, the distinction between research and development. We construct a simple model of growth to investigate how the (steady-state) rate of growth affects and is affected by the relative mix between research and development. Although we assume for simplicity that the total supply of innovative activity is given it turns out that, with one important exception, the growth rate responds to most parameter changes in the same way as in previous models where growth was determined by the total amount of innovative activity. In particular, the level of research tends to covary positively with the rate of growth, even in the extreme case where the general knowledge that underlies long-run growth is created only by secondary innovations arising from the development process. The exception concerns the effects of competition on growth. Although simpler Schumpeterian growth models implied that increased competition would reduce growth by reducing the incentive to innovate, introducing the distinction between research and development implies that this effect is likely to be reversed.     

多层创新网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效的影响——来自新能源汽车领域的实证分析

基于1997-2019年我国新能源汽车领域专利申请数据，采用复杂网络方法构建组织合作网络、成员合作网络以及知识融合网络3类创新网络，并量化3类网络中的结构洞特征。在此基础上，采用面板负二项回归模型实证分析组织合作网络、成员合作网络以及知识融合网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效的影响。结果表明：仅考虑直接作用时，组织合作网络与知识融合网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效具有显著正向影响，且知识融合网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效的影响程度更大。在进一步考虑交互作用后，组织合作网络、成员合作网络以及知识融合网络结构洞特征的两两交互项均对组织创新绩效具有显著正向影响，其中，成员合作网络与知识融合网络的交互作用对组织创新绩效影响最大。结构洞特征替换为聚集性特征后，研究结论依旧稳健。最后，基于多层创新网络优化视角提出相应的政策建议。     

多层创新网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效的影响——来自新能源汽车领域的实证分析

基于1997-2019年我国新能源汽车领域专利申请数据，采用复杂网络方法构建组织合作网络、成员合作网络以及知识融合网络3类创新网络，并量化3类网络中的结构洞特征。在此基础上，采用面板负二项回归模型实证分析组织合作网络、成员合作网络以及知识融合网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效的影响。结果表明：仅考虑直接作用时，组织合作网络与知识融合网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效具有显著正向影响，且知识融合网络结构洞特征对组织创新绩效的影响程度更大。在进一步考虑交互作用后，组织合作网络、成员合作网络以及知识融合网络结构洞特征的两两交互项均对组织创新绩效具有显著正向影响，其中，成员合作网络与知识融合网络的交互作用对组织创新绩效影响最大。结构洞特征替换为聚集性特征后，研究结论依旧稳健。最后，基于多层创新网络优化视角提出相应的政策建议。     

不同类型创新生态系统如何推动核心技术开发与企业销售增长——以中国电子信息技术产业为例

高科技产业技术创新复杂度急剧提升,营造创新生态系统已成为企业保持长期竞争优势的一种重要战略选择。基于知识管理、技术依存结构与网络外部性等视角,利用中国电子信息技术产业上市公司2007-2017年面板数据,探讨相关技术多元化与非相关技术多元化创新生态系统推动核心技术开发、企业销售增长的深层次机理。结果发现：营造相关技术多元化创新生态系统有助于企业打造核心竞争优势,促进核心技术开发,并借此实现企业销售增长;营造非相关技术多元化创新生态系统不仅能够直接促进核心技术开发与企业销售增长,更有助于丰富互补配套产品技术体系,激发间接网络效应,与相关技术多元化创新生态系统形成耦合效应,从而共同促进企业销售增长。