Exports,firm size,and firm dynamics

This paper explores the relationships between exports, firm size, and firm dynamics. It is based on a unique longitudinal data set collected at the establishment level, covering some 7000 manufacturing German firms. We present stylized facts on exports and firm size, showing that the probability that a firm is an exporter increases with firm size; however, there are many successful exporters among small firms, and non-exporters among larger firms, too, while most of the exports are from the top size groups of firms. An econometric study shows a picture that is consistent with theoretical considerations: The impact of firm size on exports is positive but decreasing, while human capital intensity, domestic market share, and advanced technology all have a positive influence on the export performance of a firm. Firm growth and export performance are positively related, as is expected from a model of a price-discriminating monopolist.     

Increases in energy prices,costs of production,and plant size

A translog cost function is estimated for U.S. manufacturing in order to investigate plant size differences in responses to increases in energy prices. Smaller plants were more intensive users of energy in the early 1970s but were also better able to substitute out of energy and into other inputs during the first round of energy price increases. As a result, by the mid-1970s larger plants had become more intensive energy users. Thus, later energy price increases probably had a greater adverse impact on the production costs of larger plants in manufacturing.     

Foreign Direct Investment,Exports and Imports in Mexico

This paper analyses the liberalisation of foreign direct investment (FDI) in Mexico since the late 1980s, and its relationships with exports and imports. Such a process has eased the access of multinational corporations (MNCs) to the country, which has promoted exports. However, it has also resulted in a higher import content and the displacement of local firms, which has limited Mexico's economic development through the balance of payments constraint. The analysis is supported by the existence of linkages – bidirectional Granger causality – between exports, imports and FDI.     

Financial Sector Volatility,Banking Market Structure and Exports

This paper assesses the impacts of financial sector volatility and banking market structure on industrial exports. By utilising the specification of Rajan and Zingales (American Economic Review 1998; 88 , 559) on the cross‐country, cross‐industry data from Manova (Journal of International Economics 2008; 76 , 33), we find that financial sector volatility, measured as the standard deviation of the growth of private credit, and banking market structure, measured as the share of the three largest banks’ assets in a country, respectively exert significantly negative and positive impacts on industrial exports, particularly for those industries that are more externally financially dependent. The findings are robust to a variety of kinds of sensitivity analysis and thus lend support to the notion that a more stable and concentrated banking system is important to the exports of those industries that rely more on external finance.     

贸易方式、所有权结构与中国企业出口扩展边际

本文通过构建出口的多重边际分析框架识别中国出口增长的源泉。然后借助基于交易信息的出口商-产品-目标国-贸易方式的微观数据,研究中国企业出口的市场扩展边际和产品扩展边际,同时从所有权结构、贸易方式以及企业特征等维度解读企业出口扩展边际的差异。研究发现:(1)贸易方式和所有权结构在一定程度上塑造了中国企业出口扩展边际的特征;(2)在加工出口和一般出口两种出口贸易方式下,各种纳入模型的因素对企业的出口边际所产生的影响基本一致,但生产率和杠杆率对于一般出口和加工出口的作用方向相反;(3)国有控股的所有制性质抑制企业出口市场和产品线的拓展;(4)企业规模、年龄、融资能力等因素在不同贸易方式下对出口扩展边际的作用方向不同。基于以上发现,本文认为针对贸易方式和所有制特征的结构性改革是实现中国出口可持续发展的重要途径。     

出口成本、信贷约束与企业出口

出口固定成本的存在将导致企业生产率的“自我选择”效应。如果存在出口信贷约束,信贷获取能力强的企业出口表现将优于信贷获取能力差的企业。本文利用世界银行调查数据,实证发现信贷约束限制企业出口,银行营运资金贷款和固定投资贷款对企业出口的影响存在非对称性。营运资金贷款对扩大出口集约边际和扩展边际的作用都很明显,而固定投资贷款仅仅扩大出口扩展边际。此外,对于财务脆弱的企业,银行信贷的出口促进作用更加显著。     

国家制度、行业制度密集度与出口比较优势

本文利用世界各国的贸易数据和制度数据,实证检验了制度对出口比较优势及其动态变化的影响。实证结果表明:由于行业本身存在制度密集度,国家制度会对显示性比较优势同时产生正向和负向影响;对于给定的行业,一国的制度越好,那么其在该行业上的显示性比较优势就越强;但同时国家制度水平与行业制度密集度之间的差异会对比较优势产生负向影响,即差异越大,那么该国在该行业上的显示性比较优势就越弱;在微观产品层面,制度对显示性比较优势的动态变化也产生类似的影响;国家制度越好,上一年度该国比较劣势产品在下一年度转化为比较优势产品的可能性就越大;国家制度与产品制度密集度之间的差异越大,上一年度该国比较劣势产品在下一年度转化为比较优势产品的可能性就越小。     

电子产品出口搁浅

电子信息产业是我国的出口“龙头”之一。在短暂的蛰伏、调整之后，该产业终将再次崛起，成为推动国民经济增长的重要引擎。     

Group service recovery strategies effectiveness: The moderating effects of group size and relational distance

The extant service recovery literature focuses on consumers' responses to individual failures. However, group service failures are in fact common, but they have received insufficient research attention. This study contributes to theory and practice by applying social impact theory to explain the social nature of group failures. Findings from two studies show that group size and relational distance substantially affect consumers' response to group service recovery strategies. Specifically, private economic recovery creates less consumer satisfaction as group size increases, whereas consumers with a distant social relationship are more satisfied with public recovery for both economic recovery and social recovery. However, consumers with close relationships are more satisfied with public economic recovery and private social recovery. Apart from offering practical insights, this study expands the theoretical understanding of service failures, suggesting that they occur in a complex social ecology instead of relatively simple dyadic interactions between service providers and consumers.     

我国出口与经济增长的实证分析——兼与孙焱林先生商榷

本文从“对外贸易是经济增长的发动机”的评价入手,分析了对外贸易给一国带来的动态利益,同时联系我国实际得出当前开展对外贸易对经济增长的重要现实意义。文章利用回归模型验证了我国1979～1999年国内生产总值与出口额的正相关关系,并提出了对外贸出口的深层次思考。     

Country Resources,Country Image,and Exports: Country Branding and International Marketing Implications

ABSTRACT

A country's economic, political, and socio-cultural institutions have always been regarded as important determinants of a company's exports and international marketing strategies. With the recent thinking about countries becoming more like a brand, these factors should impact a country's marketing and branding strategies. There has been a call for more research on how countries can use their institutions and resources to enhance their globalization efforts. This study intends to fill this gap by examining the relationships between country institutions and resources, country image, and exports based on institution theory and resource advantage theory. Both archival and primary data for 24 countries over 12 years (1995–2006) were used to assess a random-effects panel data model. The results reveal the significance of economic development and communication infrastructure on exports. In addition, country image was found to indirectly affect exports. The theoretical and practical implications on country branding and international marketing conclude the article.     

纺织服装——震荡潜行

2011年,纺织服装行业产品出口的生存条件比金融危机前不会有本质性的改观。     

异质性企业、中间品贸易自由化与出口国内附加值

本文利用中国企业层面的微观数据,通过构建一个同时包含企业异质性、进口中间投入和出口国内附加值率(DVAR)的理论模型,分析中间投入品贸易自由化影响企业出口国内附加值率的作用机理,通过测度企业层面的中间品投入关税和DVAR考察中间品贸易自由化对中国企业DVAR的影响。在考虑了相关的内生性问题后,实证结果表明中间投入品的贸易自由化有利于中国企业DVAR的提高,中间品贸易自由化对不同地区、不同所有制类型企业DVAR的影响并不一样。本文结论为从企业出口国内附加值角度重新认识中间品贸易自由化提供了新的视角。     

Entry, Competitiveness and Exports: Evidence from the Indian Firm Data

This paper attempts to evaluate the effects of industrial de-licensing of 1991 and WTO-induced tariff-reforms of 1995 on domestic competitiveness and export performances of the Indian manufacturing during the post-1991. Unlike existing empirical studies not backed by theoretical underpinnings, the paper has been founded on an open-economy-oligopoly-model framework. The paper develops an econometric method of estimating the output from data on sales of the firms, thereby estimating the firms?? marginal cost, which is conducive for the entire empirical analysis with a unified set of firm data. Using firm level data for 14 sectors for the period 1990?C2008, it is observed that there has been an increase in the number of firms resulting in a fall in the concentration ratio and elasticity of demand at the point of equilibrium is generally less than unity and is declining over-time. The panel regression results of increasing exports by bigger firms also conforms the theoretical predictions.     

Imports,Exports and the Firm Product Scope: Evidence From Turkey

By exploiting an original firm‐product level dataset for Turkish manufacturing, ‐way trading on firm product scope and innovation in a multiple treatment setting. Our evidence points at the prominent role of exporting, while no effect is found for importing only. Nonetheless, we corroborate existing evidence on the virtuous nexus between the two international activities and add to the literature by showing that joint firm involvement in exporting and importing fosters product innovation and quality upgrading.     

Exports,Foreign Direct Investment and Employment: The Case of China

This paper analyses the growth of production and employment in China during the period 1978 to the early 1990s. It argues that the Chinese experience with export‐led growth provides an excellent case study of the phenomenon of a vent for surplus resources provided by exports, identified by Adam Smith in the Wealth of Nations and elaborated by Hla Myint. The paper extends the Smith‐Myint model of ‘vent‐for‐surplus’ productive capacity to ‘vent‐for‐surplus’ resources by allowing for foreign investment flows. The ‘vent‐for‐surplus’ effect of exports on employment and growth is examined in a dynamic labour demand framework for a panel of township and village enterprises (TVEs) in China.