Outsourcing versus integration at home or abroad and firm heterogeneity

This paper analyzes the location (at home or abroad) and the mode of organization (outsourcing versus integration) of intermediate inputs production, using data on a sample of Italian manufacturing companies and focusing on the role of firm heterogeneity. We find evidence of a productivity ordering where foreign integration is chosen by the most productive firms and domestic outsourcing is chosen by the least productive firms; firms with medium-high productivity choose domestic integration, firms with medium-low productivity choose foreign outsourcing.     

社会分工制度下生产性服务业与制造业关系新探——以江苏省为例

技术进步、分工深化和报酬递增,都是社会分工制度演进的具体表现。本文以江苏省数据为例对社会分工制度下生产性服务业与制造业的关系进行了实证分析,尤其考察了生产性服务业内部各部门对制造业的不同影响。研究结果为社会分工制度及其理论创新与发展提供了实践依据,也为江苏省及各地区产业结构升级与经济发展方式转型提供了政策依据和有益借鉴。     

中国工业生产力“数量革命”的经验解释

1978年以来,中国经济结构发生巨大变化的基本原因是工业生产力革命,工业产品的数量增加超过了任何国家。制造业的市场规模每隔7年翻一番,其中劳动生产率的成倍增长是制造业产出成倍增长的最根本原因。对工业制成品的实际需求是随着人均收入的提高而增长的,那么以人均产出数和消费数来衡量工业产品增长的前景时,工业生产力将进一步扩大,中国也将成为全球最大的工业化国家。     

制造业服务化转型模式与路径研究

造业服务化转型是以客户为导向的服务增值过程,企业客户不仅包括最终消费者,还包括上中下游企业等供应链节点环节,因而企业服务化转型就面临两种选择:一种是面向终端消费者,以产品为基础的服务化转型,一种是面向生产企业,以流程为基础的服务化转型.根据这一导向,提出以制造服务为核心的自营性服务、协作性服务、生产性服务的概念,分析了基于产业价值链分布和产品服务系统的服务化转型模式,探讨了服务化转型的技术支持体系,在此基础上建立了一个由“企业类型-转型模式-服务类型-产品服务系统”组成的制造业服务化转型体系结构.认为企业价值链和产品服务系统的差异导致了不同的服务化转型路径,并应在核心能力和竞争优势的基础上实现服务化转型.     

Outsourcing and productivity growth in services

Outsourcing from manufacturing firms has fueled some of the service sector's rapid growth. We model the firm's decision to outsource and show that increases in outsourcing may explain part of the increase in the divergence in productivity growth between manufacturing and services. We also analyze the implications of outsourcing for output and productivity growth of service industries. Our findings indicate that it has reduced service sector productivity in the short run. In contrast to earlier work on services (Baumol, W.J., 1967. American Economic Review 57, 415–426. Baumol, W.J., Blackman, A.B., Wolff, E.N., 1985. American Economic Review 75, 806–817), we project that productivity growth in services is likely to increase, once demand growth from manufacturing due to outsourcing subsides.     

Economic Growth and Verdoorn's Law in the Spanish Regions, 1962-91

The aim of this paper is to test for the presence of dynamic increasing returns to scale in the Spanish regions between 1962 and 1991.The framework in which this paper is based is the so-called Verdoorn's Law. Tests are carried out for the manufacturing sector, agriculture, construction, services and total value added. The results show substantial increasing returns for manufacturing, services sector and for total value added. The staticdynamic paradox found by McCombie (1982) is also discussed and tested. We find no support for the hypothesis of a Cobb-Douglas function as the underlying technical relationship of the law.     

Infrastructure investment and Canadian manufacturing productivity

This paper examines the relationship between Canadian public infrastructure and private output using a Constant Elasticity and Substitution-Translog (CES-TL) cost model to describe the interaction of the public and private sectors.

We find public capital a substitute for private capital within the Canadian manufacturing sector. Additionally, the services of public capital enhance the productivity of private capital. Canadian manufacturing costs are characterized by economies of scale, indicating that less than optimal plant sizes dominated Canadian manufacturing sector during the study period. Advances in disembodied technical progress are also indicated.     

服务型制造的实践、特点及成因探讨

基于服务型制造的国内外实践,阐述了服务型制造的演化和价值实现机理的三个层次,对服务型制造模式和传统制造模式从业务流程、运作方式、服务创新、交易方式和价值再造等五个方面做了详细比较,指出了服务型制造运营模式的三种实现方式,即依托原有制造业向价值链两端延伸、制造企业由以生产为中心向以服务为中心转型、制造企业服务外包,并从内部和外部两方面对服务型制造产生的原因进行了深入探讨。     

Trends in hours and economic growth

We study the substitutions between home and market production over long periods of time. We use the results to get predictions about long-run trends in aggregate market hours of work and about employment shifts across economic sectors, driven by uneven TFP growth in market and home production. The model can rationalize the observed falling or U-shaped pattern for aggregate market hours, the complete marketization of home production in agriculture and manufacturing, and the shift from agriculture and manufacturing to services. We find support for the model's predictions in long-run US data.     

Does services liberalization affect manufacturing firms’ export performance? Evidence from India

This paper investigates the relationship between the reform of energy, telecommunications and transport services in India in the mid-1990s and manufacturing firms’ export performance. The empirical analysis relies on exogenous indicators of regulation of Indian services sectors and detailed firm-level data from India in the 1994–2004 period. I find that the reform of upstream services sector has increased the probability of exporting and export sales shares of firms producing in downstream manufacturing industries. The results suggest that the effect of services liberalization on manufacturing firms’ export performance is stronger for initially more productive firms. These empirical findings are robust to alternative econometric specifications that control for other reforms, industry, firm characteristics and that deal with potential reverse causality concerns.     

改进交易效率的农业生产性服务业发展机理与实证研究

基于劳动分工理论与超边际分析方法,构建改进交易效率的农业生产性服务业发展模型,运用面板数据模型对理论模型进行了实证检验。研究发现:商品市场交易效率、农户数量规模、政府补贴和农户劳动力变化是影响改进交易效率的农业生产性服务业发展的四个因素。其中,商品市场交易效率对改进交易效率的农业生产性服务业发展不具有显著正向影响,农户分布密度、政府补贴和城镇化率提高1%,改进交易效率的农业生产性服务业发展水平分别提高0.135、0.955和2.714。     

Decentralization and the productive efficiency of government: Evidence from Swiss cantons

Advocates of fiscal decentralization argue that among other benefits, it can increase the efficiency of delivery of government services. This paper is one of the first to evaluate this claim empirically by looking at the association between expenditure decentralization and the productive efficiency of government using a data set of Swiss cantons. We first provide careful evidence that expenditure decentralization is a powerful proxy for legal local autonomy. Further panel regressions of Swiss cantons provide robust evidence that more decentralization is associated with higher educational attainment. We also show that these gains lead to no adverse effects across education types but that male students benefited more from educational decentralization closing, for the Swiss case, the gender education gap.     

Endogenous phase switch in Baumol's service paradox model

This paper develops a two-sector model that considers Baumol's service paradox. The paper simultaneously incorporates two ideas about technological progress in the model: (1) the consumption of services contributes to human capital accumulation and (2) the production of manufacturing leads to technological progress due to learning-by-doing. Accordingly, productivity growth in both services and manufacturing is endogenously determined. We show that initially, a shift in the employment share toward the services sector decreases the per capita real GDP growth rate, but at some point in time, the shift begins to increase the growth rate. Therefore, we observe an endogenous phase switch from a phase where the employment shift toward services depresses the economy to another where the employment shift promotes the economy.     

Does FDI in manufacturing cause FDI in business services? Evidence from French firm‐level data

Abstract .  This paper uses a large French firm-level data set to evaluate the determinants of location choices in services. In a first step, estimates for four broad services sectors are compared with the estimates for the manufacturing sector. Using a discrete choice model, we find that this framework does fairly well in explaining location choices in services and that the parameter estimates for services are close to the ones for manufacturing. We then investigate whether the similarity in estimated parameters is due to a complementarity between location choices in manufacturing and in services, in the sense that manufacturing location choices may cause the location of services. A particularly appropriate services sector, for this purpose is the business services sector, for which input-output linkages with the manufacturing sector are particularly strong. It is found that the downstream demand of French manufacturing firms has a positive effect on the location choice probabilities of French business services firms. This effect is robust.     

Manufacturing In Decline? A Matter Of Definition

This paper offers a new approach to the definition of manufacturing activities, placing them in a broader framework to capture the dynamics of manufacturing in the economy. After discussing why in many cases it may bc appropriate to consider producer services and tnanttfacturing industries together, the paper analyzes the development of manufacturing and producer service industries in the United States. We examine the factors leading to the growth of producer services, concluding that unbundling, the shift of some activities (such as legal, accounting, and data processing services) from manufacturing to producer services industries, is an important explanation for this growth. Finally, we discuss the relationship between manufacturing and producer services. Our analysis, based on a broader definition of manufacturing, shows that over the last two decades the U.S. manufacturing base has declined only slightly rather than radically as suggested in many studies.     

云制造服务模式下的延迟策略实施

传统制造模式下延迟策略的实施是让客户在有限的可选项中被动地选择业已固化的零部件来配置自己所需的定制产品,经常会造成制造资源的浪费.本文分析了传统制造模式下延迟策略实施的机理,指出了现有研究和应用所面临的困境,借鉴云制造研究的相关理论成果,构架了云制造服务模式下延迟策略实施的框架模型,并研究了框架模型下延迟策略实施的基本特征,提出了云制造服务模式下延迟策略实施的关键问题,最后,展望了云制造服务模式下延迟策略研究的几个方向,研究成果为实施延迟策略的制造企业提供了理论指导.     

What is Driving the Manufacturing FDI Wave in Asia?

This paper analyzes the dynamic pattern of Japanese manufacturing foreign direct investment (FDI) in Asia. Japanese electronics firms shifted manufacturing operations abroad in the 1990s. We focus on the timing of the surge in FDI: why in this period did Japanese electronics firms increase manufacturing FDI in Asia? The empirical findings indicate that, in addition to productivity improvements, learning experiences from FDI were the primary determinants of the FDI wave. Firms' own past FDI experiences, the experiences of other firms (spillovers), and the presence of own distribution services encourage manufacturing FDI.     

Growth of business services: A supply‐side hypothesis

This paper aims to explain why and how the service sector may grow faster than manufacturing. It develops a two‐sector, closed‐economy model, having a manufacturing sector and a service sector. Accumulation of human capital serves as the basis of growth. The analysis focuses on business services, while household services are also considered. It is argued that differences in returns to scale between the two sectors and employment frictions in manufacturing explain why the growth rate of the service sector may be higher. The model also features that within the service sector the business services sub‐sector may grow faster than household services.     

地方政府财政支出的结构偏异——基于跨界公共事务的视角*

本文通过理论分析发现,我国地方政府不仅存在生产性支出偏好,还会在外部性和信息不对称等因素影响下,改变其对跨界公共事务的资金投入。在“量入为出”预算编制原则下,本文利用2010—2019年我国31个省级政府面板数据,实证分析了地方政府一般公共预算收入对跨地区民生性支出、跨地区生产性支出、地区民生性支出和地区生产性支出四类财政支出的影响。结果表明：在全国层面上,跨地区生产性支出受财政收入的影响最大,地区民生性支出次之。比较三类地区的结果发现,区域内政府竞争强度越高,地方政府对外部性的重视程度越强,因而当地用于跨界公共事务的资金会越少。从不同类型财政收入对财政支出的影响结果来看,只有间接税收入可以同时对三类地区财政支出产生显著影响。最后根据研究结论,本文提出了相应的政策建议。     

Technical efficiency of Spanish manufacturing firms: a panel data approach

This paper estimates the levels of technical efficiency reached by Spanish manufacturing firms, through an econometric estimation of frontier production functions for fifteen sectors of activity, and also, obtains other relevant technological measurements of these productive processes such as the scale and the technical progress parameters. The methodology used is the panel data methods (Schmidt and Sickles, 1984). The statistical source is provided by the Survey on Business Strategies (Encuesta Sobre Estrategias Empresariales), a panel of data covering 855 Spanish manufacturing firms observed over the period 1990-1994. Our econometric results confirm the great heterogeneity in the firms' efficiency, the predominance of constant returns to scale and the great rate of technological progress.