企业家冒险倾向、区域冒险精神与企业创新——一个有调节的中介模型

企业家个人特质影响企业决策行为和决策结果，且其作用发挥受情境因素的制约。基于高阶理论，构建区域冒险精神的调节下，企业家冒险倾向通过创新投入对创新绩效产生影响的理论模型。以2014—2019年沪深两市上市公司为研究样本，结果发现：企业家冒险倾向对创新投入和创新绩效具有正向影响。创新投入能够促进创新绩效提升，而且在企业家冒险倾向和创新绩效间发挥部分中介作用。区域冒险精神对企业家冒险倾向和创新绩效关系的调节作用呈倒U型。结论揭示了企业内外部非正式制度的重要性，并进一步拓展了企业创新前置影响因素研究。     

Quality-oriented growth: a new trend for Chinese firms

ABSTRACT

Based on data from the China Employer-Employee Survey (CEES), this study analyses the actual effect of quality-driven growth on firms’ performances in the economic transition of recent years. The results show positive and significant effects between the firms’ performance and quality-oriented growth, which is defined as a strategy that supports the spirit of greater entrepreneurial innovation, the advancement of input quality, and corporate governance improvement. Using a quality-driven growth mode, firms can effectively relieve the adverse effect of downward macroeconomic growth pressure on performance. This study proposes that China’s macroeconomic policy should shift from demand-oriented management to supply-oriented management, with a particular focus on quality development strategy. Moreover, firms should establish a quality-driven development strategy, facilitating a spirit of entrepreneurial innovation, advancing input quality, and improving corporate governance. This strategy will increase the firm’s performance, and effectively relieve the macroeconomic downward pressure.

Abbreviations: CEES: China Employer-Employee Survey, TFP: Total factor productivity     

资源约束下的创业导向、资源行动策略与企业成长

资源约束背景下，如何制定有效的创业导向及资源行动策略对动态环境中企业成长具有重要意义。基于动态能力视角，以恒瑞医药为例，探讨其不同发展阶段创业导向、资源行动策略与企业成长间的内在作用机理。结果发现：①高差异性和高合法性是企业资源行动所追求的理想状态，但在不同发展阶段二者的侧重点不同；②创业导向为企业资源行动策略提供方向，而资源行动策略则是创业导向得以实施的保障，二者相互契合，共同促进企业成长；③多重资源约束是企业创业导向和资源行动的直接动因，而企业能力提升是创业导向和资源行动产生的有效结果，该过程中管理者认知为企业资源环境分析、创业导向制定以及资源行动选择提供有力保障。     

新时代能源国企企业家精神的影响因素、作用结果及培育路径

党的二十大报告提出要“完善中国特色现代企业制度，弘扬企业家精神，加快建设世界一流企业。”企业家精神在促进经济高质量增长，推动产业转型升级，引领创新创业、实现共同富裕等方面发挥着重要作用。能源行业作为国家经济命脉的主导型产业，在保障国家能源供应、维护国家产业经济安全中具有举足轻重的作用。本文聚焦能源行业国有企业，运用扎根理论的方法，深入探索了新时代下能源国企企业家精神的影响因素和作用结果，并针对能源国企企业家精神的培育提出了实施路径。研究结果表明：能源国企企业家精神的形成和发挥受到文化、制度、地理环境、社会、企业和领导者个人6个方面因素的影响，并在多个层面上发挥作用。     

科学商业情境下科学家创业过程研究——基于扎根理论的质性规律探讨

当前,科学家创业成为理论和实践关注热点。聚焦科学商业情境下科学家创业过程规律,通过扎根理论分析构建科学家创业过程模型。该模型将科学家创业过程划分为创业基础、组织生成和成长绩效3个阶段,包括科技成果、创业意愿、制度环境、技术禀赋、创业素质、价值放大、创业绩效7个关键要素。结果发现,科学家创业组织生成涉及4个核心环节：机会识别与获取、创新活动、公司治理、市场开拓;科学家创业对技术创新具有强烈偏好,科学家创业资源禀赋优势强于一般创业;科学家创业过程伴随着科技成果产业化同步进行,创业组织生成和现代公司治理是科学家创业成功的关键,其中发展策略和资本融资起到关键作用。     

社会创业行为实现路径及内在机理——一项扎根理论的探索

基于8份社会创业者访谈材料，运用扎根理论方法，对社会创业在中国制度环境中的实现路径进行探索性分析。结果表明，社会创业意愿是社会创业的前置因素，制度情景和社会痛点是孕育社会创业意愿的重要土壤；创业者在多重制度逻辑中灵活运用合法性构建和资源拼凑等理性工具，并持续积累与更新创业知识和技巧，发挥社会创业意愿转化为创业行为的工具理性作用；当激励效应反馈到社会创业意愿时，新一轮创业行为将始于新的创业意愿；在整个社会创业意愿实现过程中，情绪特质和突发情节发挥重要调节效应。     

Evolutionary policy targeting: towards a conceptual framework for effective policy intervention

This special issue reflects on innovation and industrial policy from the premise that economic growth can be based on the permanent transformation of an economic system via the emergence and/or transformation of multi-agent structures and their inherent competences and knowledge base. The process of emergence or transformation is conceived as being the result of entrepreneurial effort, or entrepreneurs reacting to external stimuli in a way that takes advantage of an evolving knowledge base. The same process, however, can be undermined by both market and institutional failures. Past research has clearly indicated the importance of institutional structures for innovation, but also that structures as they exist may not be ideal: some institutions involved in innovation may provide the wrong incentives, faulty information, or allocate insufficient resources to accomplish their goals or mandates; and they may fail to reduce uncertainty. The paper asks whether and how a targeted, co-evolutionary approach can help overcome a lack of dynamic coordination and other failures that originate in coincidence with the emergence of a complex form of industrial organisation, be it an innovation system, cluster or a new industrial sector. More specifically, it builds upon the extended industry life cycle (EILC) model and the notion of evolutionary targeting to explore the potential benefits (and drawbacks) of targeting biotechnology innovation systems (BISs).     

An evolutionary approach to regional systems of innovation

This article examines how the birth and the development of regional systems of innovation are connected with economic selection and points to implications for regional-level policies. The research questions are explored using an evolutionary model, which emphasizes geographical spaces and production of intermediate goods. In particular, we are concerned with how cooperative behaviour of technology producers is affected by the need to protect technological secrecies and of being financially constrained by firms demanding innovative input. Based on the theoretical model, we provide an analysis using computer simulations. The primary findings are, first, that the model generates predictions suited for empirical research as to the way in which economic selection influences cooperative behavior of innovative actors. Second, we demonstrate how a region’s entrepreneurial activity and growth can be controlled in a decentralized way by regions.     

中基层员工主导型公司创业过程研究

互联网时代的创新经常发生在意想不到的市场，沿袭以往仅仅依赖高层决策者识别创业机会并发起创业项目的做法会使企业失去很多发展机遇，由中基层员工主动识别创业机会、发起公司创业项目变得愈加必要。运用探索性案例研究法，以腾讯公司不同发展阶段由中基层员工主导的3次成功创业案例（QQ秀、QQ空间和微信）为研究对象，遵循创业机会识别、开发、价值实现的逻辑思路展开研究，得到创业过程的构成要素，即创业机会感知与传递、公司创业决策、团队组建和资源整合、产品开发与市场开发、新业务生成与成长、战略更新与组织变革等6个方面的关键要素，提炼出与各关键要素相匹配的管理机制——赛马机制、容错机制、快速决策机制、提出者负责制、共享型学习机制、基于顾客体验的快速迭代机制，进而构建起中基层员工主导型公司创业过程模型。     

试析企业成长不同阶段的企业家胜任力结构及其自我跃迁机理

在创业、守业和展业不同阶段,企业面临着不同的难题。企业家只有具备相应的胜任力结构,才能解决这些难题,推进企业成长。为了满足企业成长对企业家胜任力结构的需要,企业家胜任力结构应当随企业成长而跃迁。企业家胜任力结构的自我跃迁,是指企业家通过学习,自我完成能力和行为转换升级的过程。企业家胜任力结构的自我跃迁受个体、组织和环境因素的影响。企业家学习的目的就是为了实现企业家胜任力结构的自我跃迁,企业家学习的内容由其目标胜任力结构决定,企业家学习途径和学习方式因学习内容不同而有所差异。     

创业企业家不确定性容忍度对企业迁徙决策的影响

创业企业迁徙是创业企业成长过程中的重要决策。基于文献研究并结合创业企业家特征,构建创业企业迁徙意愿影响因素模型,重点探讨在不确定性容忍度影响下创业企业迁徙意愿影响因素及其作用机制。研究结果表明,政策环境、生活质量、政府服务质量是影响创业企业迁徙的三大外部因素,创业企业家不确定性容忍度则是重要的内部因素,随着创业企业家不确定性容忍度提高,生活质量对迁徙意愿的影响减弱,而政策环境对迁徙意愿的影响增强,表明当前创业企业孵化与迁徙受政策环境主导。研究结论进一步解释了迁徙情景中创业企业对区域经济环境不敏感以及云集于北上广深等生活成本畸高的城市等现象。     

Entrepreneurship, structural change, and economic growth

The ability to adjust to structural change is vital to economic development, and entries can be active participants in this process. While the importance of factor reallocations for growth is widely discussed, the role of entrepreneurs in managing these reallocations is currently not well understood. This paper analyzes the role of entry activity for adjustments of the sectoral structure and its relevance for regional economic development. The historical framework is the accelerated economic transformation that occurred in industrialized countries during the mid 1970s, resulting in an increasing need to adjust. Based on German data from 1975 to 2002, evidence is presented that sectoral reallocations are an important means for transforming entrepreneurial activity into growth.     

基于企业家能力的资源型创业企业成长研究

以山西安泰集团和山西海鑫集团为例,探究企业家能力对创业企业成长的作用机理,并基于相关文献,将企业家能力划分为5个维度,即机会发现能力、关系网络能力、资本运作能力、战略管理能力、创新能力。研究结果表明：企业家能力通过影响企业成长战略,进而促进创业企业成长;在创业企业不同成长阶段,企业家能力的贡献存在差异,机会发现能力和关系网络能力在创建期最为重要,资本运作能力和创新能力在成长期贡献最大,战略管理能力在成长期、成熟期和转型期贡献突出。     

大学生创业特质、创业动机及新创企业成长关系研究

以江苏省422位在校大学生新创企业数据为样本,运用结构方程分析方法,探讨了创业特质维度下创业自我效能、成就性、内控性及创新性如何以创业动机为中介,影响创业成长绩效的传导关系。结果表明：创业特质正向显著影响创业动机的路径系数为0.866,其中内控性对创业动机影响最大,其次为创新性、成就性及创业自我效能;创业动机显著影响创业绩效,影响路径系数为0.833;创业动机发挥完全中介作用,创业特质及其四维度因素通过创业动机间接影响创业成长绩效。研究结果可指导高校以创业者创新特质与内控特质为导向,甄选潜在大学生创业者,维持大学生创业动机的持久性,进而提升创业成长水平,提高我国大学生创业率和创业成功率。     

寻租、企业家才能配置和资源诅咒——基于中国省份面板数据的实证研究

文章结合中国现实,通过构建一个具有规模报酬递增性质的企业家才能配置模型,从自然资源导致的寻租空间对企业家才能配置的扭曲这一微观视角考察"资源诅咒"问题,并运用我国省份面板数据进行了实证检验。结果表明,自然资源禀赋的增加会直接提高企业家寻租的预期收益,进而使企业家才能从低回报的生产性部门转向高回报的寻租部门,这种扭曲会降低地区的经济增长率,产生"资源诅咒"现象。为确定寻租导致的企业家才能配置扭曲是否是自然资源禀赋影响我国不同省份经济增长水平的中介变量,文章实证检验了相应的中介效应,检验结果显示中介效应显著。     

Accounting for economic evolution: Fitness and the population method

The theme of this paper is the general population dynamics of evolutionary processes, and, in particular, a number of accounting concepts that are central to any understanding of evolutionary processes of the variation-cum-selection retention kind. A population perspective, for example, turns out to be crucial to the study of the competitive process in economic systems defined at the level of industries, sectors and markets. Business rivalry, underpinned by differential innovative activity, is the basis of the differential survival and growth of competing economic activities and the strategies deployed to create sustainable differences in competitive selection characteristics are at the core of the capitalist dynamic interpreted as an adaptive, evolutionary process. This kind of evolutionary argument is necessarily concerned with growth rate dynamics and the explanation of the diversity of growth rates across entities in a population. However, the following discussion does not provide any causal explanation of economic evolution in terms of the determinants of growth rate differences, rather it provides a bookkeeping scheme in which different causal theories may be set and compared. Growth dynamics and structural change are the two central features of variation/selection processes within populations and I explore them in terms of three themes: namely, Logistic Growth Accounting; Competition Accounting; and, the Price Theorem. The unifying theme that links all three is their relation to the population method in evolutionary theory.      

Metabolic growth theory: market-share competition,learning uncertainty,and technology wavelets

Both exogenous and endogenous growth theories in neoclassical economics ignore the resource constraints and wavelike patterns in technology development. The logistic growth and species competition model in population dynamics provides an evolutionary framework of economic growth driven by technology wavelets in market-share competition. Learning by doing and knowledge accumulation ignores the interruptive nature of technology advancement. Creative destruction can be understood by using knowledge metabolism. Policies and institutions co-evolve during different stages of technology cycles. Division of labor is limited by the market extent, numbers of resources, and environment fluctuations. There is a trade-off between the stability and complexity of an ecological-industrial system. Diversified patterns in development strategy are shaped by culture and environment when facing learning uncertainty. The Western mode of division of labor is characterized by labor-saving and resource-intensive technology, while the Asian and Chinese modes feature resource-saving and labor-intensive technology. Nonlinear population dynamics provides a unified evolutionary theory from Smith, Malthus, to Schumpeter in economic growth and technology development.     

新经济下创业企业非线性成长基因组态与等效路径研究——基于模糊集定性比较分析

新经济的快速发展促使创业企业呈现出不同于传统企业的成长模式和发展路径。从内生性、外生性和网络化成长3个角度，通过组态视角，运用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA），探讨政策环境、区域产业生态、创业团队、价值连接能力、网络能力、基因组态对新经济创业企业非线性成长的等效影响路径。研究发现3条路径，即内外融合跨界协同型、价值连接奇点爆发型和网络聚合生态赋能型。研究表明，创业团队和价值连接能力对创业企业实现高成长性具有积极正向影响；政策环境、区域产业生态和网络能力在创业企业实现高成长性过程中起到至关重要的作用。研究结论可为新经济环境下创业企业实现快速成长提供借鉴和参考。     

The Distribution of Human Capital and Economic Growth

This paper analyzes the interaction between the distributionof human capital, technological progress, and economic growth.It argues that the composition of human capital is an importantfactor in the determination of the pattern of economic development.The study demonstrates that the evolutionary pattern of the humancapital distribution, the income distribution, and economic growthare determined simultaneously by the interplay between a local home environment externality and a global technologicalexternality. In early stages of development the local home environmentexternality is the dominating factor and hence the distributionof income becomes polarized; whereas in mature stages of developmentthe global technological externality dominates and the distributionof income ultimately contracts. Polarization, in early stagesof development may be a necessary ingredient for future economicgrowth. An economy that prematurely implements a policy designedto enhance equality may be trapped at a low stage of development.An underdeveloped economy, which values equality as well as prosperity,may confront a trade-off between equality in the short-run followedby equality and stagnation in the long-run, and inequality inthe short-run followed by equality and prosperity in the longrun.     

新经济情境下创业决策逻辑路径的选择机制——一项模糊集定性比较分析

新经济环境下如何决策是新创企业生存发展中面临的重大问题。以创业过程模型为基础，结合效果推理理论，从外部创业环境、内部企业能力和决策逻辑3个层面选取影响创业绩效的关键因素，借助模糊集定性比较分析方法，探讨新创企业基于不同情境获得高创业绩效的决策逻辑路径选择机制。研究得出5种高创业绩效构型，归类为2条高创业绩效决策路径并分析了4种情境。其中，大数据能力和效果推理是影响新经济下新创企业实现高创业绩效的关键核心条件。研究结果不仅丰富了效果推理理论，也为新创企业决策及成长带来新视角与新的解释路径，更为新创企业决策提供了情境化借鉴。