Technical regulations and specialization in international trade

It is widely acknowledged that while technical regulations can improve welfare and facilitate markets, they can also impede trade. The trade impeding effects of technical regulations are especially worrisome for developing countries: they frequently lack the human and capital resources necessary to satisfy technical measures, and thus are more likely to be excluded from markets by technical measures. This paper uses highly disaggregated US data on agricultural, mining and manufacturing imports to examine the impact of technical regulations on trade patterns. Using instrumental variables estimation to correct for the potential endogeneity of technical regulations, the analysis suggests that technical regulations substantially impinge on poor countries' exports: their weaker capacities to satisfy technical regulations lead them to specialize away from industries with heavier regulatory burdens.     

The export technology content, learning by doing and specialization in foreign trade

We examine empirically whether countries with relatively little production and export experience specialize in the production and export of more standardized and lower-technology products, and those with more production experience produce and export more recently developed and higher-technology products. Using panel data covering 127 countries and the period between 1970 and 1997, we find that export experience does help to account for the variation in export content. Exporting experience influences a country's export mix more than its production experience, suggesting that there may be a trade-induced component of learning by doing in foreign trade specialization.     

Strategic trade policies with first-mover and second-mover advantages in a vertical structure

With strategic trade policies, we consider first- and second-mover advantages in a vertical structure given the two-part tariff contract (composed of the input price and the fixed fee) of an upstream firm, where a home and a foreign final-good firms export to a third-country market. We find that the upstream firms’ and governments’ preference orderings over sequential versus simultaneous play and over free trade versus a regime of subsidies contrast with early results in the strategic trade policy. Thus, the endogenous market structure is that (i) the potential leader chooses the Leader role with quantity strategies, and the equilibrium trade regime is unilateral subsidy regardless of the nature of goods; (ii) with price strategies, the potential leader chooses the simultaneous timing, and the equilibrium trade regime is bilateral taxes (free trade) when goods are substitutes (complements).     

跨境贸易人民币结算对外经贸企业的影响分析

当前,世界金融危机的影响仍然存在,北非和西亚的政治动乱及战争;日本地震海啸的发生和严重的核污染形势都在改变和影响着世界的经济格局.虽然我国宏观经济刺激政策使我国外贸呈现企稳回升的趋势,但我国外经贸企业仍然面临着较严峻的形势.如外贸规模下降、利润空间受挤压、外贸环境恶化等严峻挑战.开展跨境贸易人民币结算,推动了我国与周边国家和地区经贸关系发展,促进对外贸易稳定增长.     

贵州对外贸易探讨

开放三十年来,贵州对外贸易持续增长.但以2008年的数据为例,贵州对外贸易存在外贸依存度低、贸易方式落后、产品结构不完善和外资利用效率低等一些问题,应在贸易方式和产业结构转变、外资引进方面多做改进,以促进贵州贸易又快又好地发展.     

加工贸易的春天

开春第一个月,全国加工贸易研讨会就成功举办,吴仪副总理作出重要批示指出,十六届三中全会《决定》明确指出,“继续发展加工贸易,着力吸引跨国公司把更高技术水平、更大增值含量的加工制造环节和研发机构转移到我国,引导加工贸易转型升级。”对于这一段经典的指示精神,商务部副部     

The WTO trade effect

This paper re-examines the GATT/WTO membership effect on bilateral trade flows, using nonparametric methods including pair-matching, permutation tests, and a Rosenbaum (2002) sensitivity analysis. Together, these methods provide an estimation framework that is robust to misspecification bias, allows general forms of heterogeneous membership effects, and addresses potential hidden selection bias. This is in contrast to most conventional parametric studies on this issue. Our results suggest large GATT/WTO trade-promoting effects that are robust to various restricted matching criteria, alternative GATT/WTO indicators, non-random incidence of positive trade flows, inclusion of multilateral resistance terms, and different matching methodologies.     

贵州对外贸易探讨

开放三十年来,贵州对外贸易持续增长.但以2008年的数据为例,贵州对外贸易存在外贸依存度低、贸易方式落后、产品结构不完善和外资利用效率低等一些问题,应在贸易方式和产业结构转变、外资引进方面多做改进,以促进贵州贸易又快又好地发展.     

浅谈绿色贸易壁垒

随着经济全球化和世界环保浪潮的日益高涨,环境因素在国际贸易中的影响力在不断加大.绿色贸易与绿色贸易壁垒成为人们普遍关注的课题之一,并日益深刻地影响着世界各国贸易的发展.     

The costs of freer trade

Free trade cannot exist as a pure benefit in a democracy because there will always exist political pressures that seek to protect some group from foreign competition or uncertainty. These groups must be taken care of politically and administrative costs are incurred in so doing. Similarly, there must be a dispute settlement apparatus at the supernational as well as the national level. Administrative costs are incurred in maintaining as well as in achieving the existing degree of liberalization. There may exist a state in which the gains from additional liberalization are outweighed by the marginal administrative costs incurred.     

艰辛的农业贸易

余正标,茂林园的第五代传人,仍旧在经营着他的家族生意:中国盆景的出口。每年,茂林园的盆景出口到欧盟约有200-300万盆。"在行内,我们是欧洲市场的最早的开拓者。"余正标说,10年前,通过当地的华侨网络,茂林园的盆景进入了欧洲市场,当时采用的是利润分成的方     

Globalization and specialization

The popular Dixit–Stiglitz–Ethier framework proposes that globalization increases the menu of intermediate goods available to downstream firms and that gains from specialization raise welfare unambiguously. This study shows that both results depend critically on the assumption that demand elasticities are invariable. The more general framework presented here provides two main insights: First, whether specialization rises or falls depends ultimately on the shape of the cost function, and second, globalization can actually reduce welfare in the case when specialization falls.     

The practical side of international trade

We've all heard stories about U.S. exporters who shipped goods, then were not paid—or importers who bought goods from abroad, then found them not up to quality or received them too late. These problems are often due to too much concentration on the glamorous side of international trade and too little attention to the practical.     

The North American trade region

The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) that is to take effect at the beginning of 1994 will create a free trade area between three economies which differ substantially in terms of size and stage of development. What were the reasons that led the unequal partners, the USA, Canada and Mexico, to enter into closer trade integration? What will be the economic consequences for the countries involved and for world trade?     

The changing pattern of foreign trade

Like many of the other less developed countries, one of the major sources of growth in the Nigerian economy is foreign-oriented. With exports accounting for close to one-fifth of the Gross Domestic Product and imports representing about the same proportion, external trade since World War II has been of particular importance to the economy.     

绿色植物对外贸易浅谈

近年来,城市绿化进程十分快,带动了园林种植业的迅速发展.目前一些较先进的种植企业开始拓展国际市场.本文首先提出绿色植物对外出口存在的一些问题,然后针对问题找原因,最后给出了几点合理化的建议.