Rhonda M. Williams: Competition, race, agency, and community

As the United States approaches the twenty-first century… in an information-based, transnational and managerial economy, it is becoming increasingly apparent that if we do not better negotiate race and ethnicity in our society, we will not adequately solve the problems of economic inequality and discrimination. Racial and/or ethnic divisions and competition shape our efforts to understand and challenge hierarchy and inequity. As long as we ignore those issues, we cannot solve the problems of poverty, unemployment, and crime, nor effect productive job creation and economic justice. Absent a cultural and economic reckoning with racism’s legacies, we will fail to revitalize our cities and to recover from the socioeconomic costs of “ending welfare as we knew it.” Although masked behind pronouncements of a “color-blind” society, unfinished racial business weakens our national will to provide one another the portfolio of social and economic rights essential to the sustenance of humane community in the post-industrial global economy. (Nembhard and Williams 1998).     

Race and prosecution expenditures

There has been a steady accumulation of literature on racial differentials in crime and the response of the criminal justice system. A neglected component of societal response to crime has been the volume of prosecution expenditures. This article seeks to repair this neglect by examining state level difference inper capita prosecution expenditures in 1980 using a multiple regression equation. The results show that, holding other factors constant, lower prosecution expenditures are associated with higher percentages of blacks in a state’s population. The relationship of this to discrimination is discussed in terms of England.     

论中国经济法的价值取向——基于中国经济与社会发展中若干矛盾的分析

文章运用辩证系统思维，通过对中国经济建设中主要矛盾的分析，揭示了经济法的价值——通过公平，实现整体的、长期的、协调的高效益，认为经济法的价值是一个多元的、多层次的系统。     

Child care and female employment in urban nigeria

Several factors influence female employment in most societies. They include family economic pressures, employability, earning potential, labor market environment and family composition. Several studies have been done on the influence of all factors but the last, family composition, that is, whether the mother has a baby-sitter. If the answer is a “yes,” then the probability that she will engage in an economic activity increases. This article addresses the question of the role of the child-care on female employment. The results show that the influence of child-care on female employment in Lagos depends on the nature of such help.     

Labour Standards and the 'Race to the Bottom': Rethinking Globalization and Workers' Rights from Developmental and Solidaristic Perspectives

There is a protracted stalemate between rich (the North) andpoor (the South) countries over the question of minimum labourstandards in developing economies. This paper is a sequel toSingh and Zammit (2000). It considers afresh key issues in thecontroversy. While fully recognizing the moral, political, andphilosophical dimensions of this complex issue, the paper concentrateson the central economic question of the ‘race to the bottom’.It emphasizes the difficulties of establishing labour standardsin the vast informal sectors in developing countries and suggeststhat the ILO conventions 87 and 98 should be amended to reflectproperly these concerns. It also argues that ILO core conventionsshould be broadened to include the right to a decent living.The overall conclusion is that labour standards are importantindicators of economic development, but their promotion is bestachieved in a non-coercive and supportive international environmentsuch as that provided by the ILO.     

中国流动性过剩的根源及对策研究

流动性过剩问题是近几年我国经济社会发展中最头痛的问题之一。有关流动性问题的研究一直是我国宏观经济研究的热点,国内学者对流动性问题进行了大量的阐述。本文在已有研究的基础上,进一步阐述流动性过剩在我国的表现及根源,指出我们解决流动性过剩除了传统使用的"堵"的方式外,关键还在于疏导,用好过剩流动性以促进我国经济的长期稳定发展。     

The Reporting and Underreporting of Rape

A rape victim possesses a scarce resource: information about the crime. Thus, a victim's decision to report the crime to police, to allocate that resource, becomes an economic choice. A victim cannot receive social support or legal justice without revealing such information, but doing so creates real costs—social recrimination and lost privacy—with no guarantee of offender apprehension. This article explores the economics of the reporting and chronic nonreporting of rape in the context of this information-allocation problem. The empirical analysis addresses the extent to which social-support availability and evidentiary factors influence the reporting decision. Dichotomous and multinomial logit results, obtained using National Crime Survey data on a sample of rape victims, reveal how various demographic and crime-specific factors explain the decision to report and the selection of specific reasons for not reporting. Some of these factors reflect circumstances addressable as matters of procedure or policy.     

经济转型与包容性增长的关联度

包容性增长是时代发展的必然要求,体现了公平与正义的科学内涵,是一种理想的经济发展方式。在经济转型深化阶段,中国经济社会问题的解决迫切需要以包容性增长理念为引导,将经济转型、政治转型、社会转型、文化转型等多种转型相互融合与协同推进,切实转变经济发展方式,才能实现国民经济的持续良好发展。     

Redressing gender inequality in employment: the national and sub-regional policy 'fit'

This article examines the 'fit' between policy development regarding gender inequality in employment at sub-regional and national (UK) level, in particular focusing on the experience of women. Drawing on research undertaken in Coventry and Warwickshire, the article explores the question of how policy development at sub-regional level fits with national policy, and whether the sub-region is an appropriate, or effective, level at which to develop policy on gender inequality in employment. It is argued that while there needs to be recognition of the limited ability of sub-regional policy to confront structural issues, policy development at this level does offer potential strengths in redressing both gender inequality in employment and the relative lack of a gender dimension in local economic development.     

经济犯罪废除死刑的多维思考

我国现行刑法规定的经济犯罪中有相当一部分罪名配置了死刑。死刑在经济犯罪中的泛用导致了诸多弊端:①违背了刑法的谦抑精神;②违背了刑罚的公正性;③不符合刑罚的目的;④与刑罚的人道主义相抵触。为了顺应废除死刑的国际刑事司法潮流,我国可以从废除经济犯罪死刑着手,逐步减少死刑的适用,直至最后全面废除死刑。     

试证新疆金融发展与经济增长的关系

新疆金融行业的目前发展状况很大程度上也牵制了新疆的发展,分析新疆区域金融发展与经济增长问题具有十分重要的理论与现实意义。本文运用数量经济方法,在单整和协整检验的基础上,利用误差修正模型(ECM)及Granger因果检验对新疆地区金融发展与经济增长的内在联系进行实证分析,认为新疆的金融发展与经济增长不仅存在正向促进关系,而且存在Granger意义上的因果关系。在此基础上本文结合新疆实际,对新疆金融业发展提出了相应的政策建议。     

关于沈阳经济区城际连接带建设的对策研究

加强区域或城市合作推动区域一体化,是当今世界经济发展的一个重要趋势及适应经济全球化、区域一体化的重要行动。大沈阳经济圈的建立是顺应时代潮流和自身实际的需要。为了实现沈阳经济区一体化发展,城际连接带建设是关键问题。因此,本文从沈阳经济区自身特点出发,深入系统地揭示了城际连接带建设存在问题,并针对问题提出了战略思路及解决办法。     

Updating an old question: Prices and quantities

The paper discusses the age-old, and yet unresolved, question of the sense in which the crucial economic variables-prices and quantities-can be considered as appropriate and compatible with each other in a position of economic equilibrium. The author compares, on this ground, two approaches, respectively epitomized by the solutions offered by Walras and by Sraffa; and shows that neither one can be regarded as fully satisfactory. A possible step forward-he maintains-implies the analysis of the uncomfortable question of the convergence towards a position of equilibrium. After having emphasized that this latter question can be posed in a plausible way only in the context of a “logical”-as opposed to “chronological”-conception of the adjustment process, the author illustrates the encouraging results emerging from a preliminary attempt in this direction carried out in a model which presents classical and Keynesian features. President of the Atlantic Economic Society 1990–91.     

A generalized multi-country endogenous growth model

The transitional dynamics of open-economy endogenous growth models are largely unexplored. The present paper fills this gap in the literature. By applying the familiar Travis–Dixit–Norman (Dixit and Norman, Theory of International Trade, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 1980) approach to a general class of growth models, it provides original results on the transitional dynamics of the multi-country open-economy versions of several prominent special cases, including the models of Romer (J Polit Econ, 94:1002–1037, 1986; J Polit Econ 98:S71–S102, 1990), Lucas (J Monet Econ, 22:3–42, 1988), Grossman and Helpman (Innovation and Growth in the Global Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA, 1991a, Chaps. 3 and 4; Rev Econ Stud 58:43–61, 1991b), Jones (J Polit Econ, 103:759–784, 1995a), and Segerstrom (Am Econ Rev, 88:1290–1310, 1998). This approach also shows that, in the class of models considered, the question of whether or not international economic integration accelerates growth in the long run is equivalent to the question of whether or not scale effects prevail.      

论经济法视域中社会主义新农村建设的理论与实践问题

经济法的法律理念与社会主义新农村建设的主旨、志趣及终极目标是不谋而合的。实质公平观与经济民主机制的缺失及部分异化是社会主义新农村建设的主要障碍。经济法将以实质公平为理念,以经济民主为实施形式,在社会主义新农村建设进程中持续发挥法制保障的主导作用。     

Crime, Job Searches, and Economic Growth

This paper constructs a theoretical model with which to analyze the puzzling links between unemployment and crime rates, described in the literature. Most theoretical papers on crime, such as Becker Journal of Political Economy 76, 169–217, (1968), Ehrlich Journal of Political Economy 81, 521–565, (1973), and İmrohoroğlu et al. International Economic Review 41, 1–25, (2000), emphasize the analysis of the equilibrium crime rate, dealing with the unemployment rate as an exogenous parameter, but little attention has been devoted to investigating the influence of the criminal market on the equilibrium unemployment rate in the labor market and how these markets interact. This paper illustrates how the causes of crime play a crucial role in the unemployment-crime relationship, wherein different causality result in different associative relationships between unemployment and crime. The aforementioned conclusion illustrates the theory explaining why the empirical findings related to the unemployment-crime relationship are mixed and equivocal. Second, this paper describes the diverse origins of crime, in which employed workers and unemployed workers have different incentives for entering a life of crime. Employed and unemployed workers assume different opportunity costs by engaging in criminal activities, resulting in different effects on the economy. This explains why crime rates relative to unemployment rates in different countries could be either procyclical or countercyclical.     

人口结构与经济增长的关系研究——基于新疆时间序列数据的实证检验

运用新疆2004年至2018年的时间序列数据分析人口结构与经济增长之间的关系。研究发现：新疆人口结构能够显著影响经济增长。其中,少年抚养比和劳动力抚养比均能够促进经济增长,而老年抚养比则不利于经济增长。外商直接投资和研发支出也是促进经济增长的变量之一。最后根据实证分析结果对新疆地区经济发展提出了相应的建议,认为新疆应当不断引进高技术人才,提高劳动力抚养比在人口结构中的比重等建议。     

Opposing Prêt-à-Porter: Mills,Guilds and Government on Ready-made Clothing in Early Nineteenth-Century Stockholm

Abstract

This article discusses how economic thought constituted an institutional obstacle to the development of a consumer society in Sweden, during the decades around the year 1800, with reference to the production and distribution of ready-made clothing. The analysis is based on the discussions sparked by the Stockholm Tailor's Guild's repeated applications for permission to open a ‘clothes warehouse’. The article examines the positions taken by the different actors on the local arena and on the state level. It argues that although rivalry over the local market and conflicts between different corporate bodies did play a role, the decisive factor in deciding the question was the role and position of the Swedish textile industry. Appeals to what was beneficial and of practical use to Stockholm inhabitants were countered by warnings of increased smuggling and weakened control over the quality of industrial and craft products, as well as arguments concerning the optimal uses of the country's workforce. Thus, an apparently simple application for permission to sew clothes together, and then sell them, developed into a discussion of the entire basis of Swedish society's economic structure.     

毛泽东经济发展战略思想探究

文章认为,毛泽东的经济发展战略思想具有很强的人民性、有益性、交流性和政治性的特点。第一,毛泽东经济发展战略思想是从民生出发,为了人民,依靠人民,让人民能够共同分享经济发展成果。第二,发展经济就是要做好对富民强国、社会和谐有利有益的事。第三,在毛泽东关于经济发展的战略思维里,"交流"是作为学习和推进健康发展的方式方法和手段,是自由平等的合作和融合,是公平公正公开正义的互利互惠。这与资产阶级所追求、所进行的交流在本质上不同,在方式上也有差异。第四,毛泽东认为,发展经济不仅是个经济问题,也是个政治问题,解决经济问题,要有政治智慧。发展经济,处置经济发展及其他关系问题,需要运用政治智慧。毛泽东经济发展战略思想的政治性,更多地体现在为经济基础服务,以及给予经济发展以巨大的影响力方面。     

当代教育经济学研究现状浅析

本文阐述了我国教育经济学发展的历史,并从我国教育经济学的研究现状、面临的问题、发展趋势以及研究意义等方面探讨了我国教育经济学研究的理论贡献。教育经济学是一门独立的学科,是研究教育在经济增长以及经济和社会发展中的作用,研究智力投资的经济效果的科学。