城市主导产业选择的超边际分析基准

一、主导产业的理论分析 最早提出主导产业概念的是美国经济学家艾伯特．赫希曼（A．O．Hirschman）。他主张,应该采取不均衡求均衡的发展策略,供给与需求不一致促进了经济增长。对特定行业的重点投资,使得供过于求,市场不足。这种不均衡因素对关联产业形成一种拉力,促使这些产业的发展,关联产业的发展又使得产业整体趋于均衡,然后再在新的产业层次上确定新的主导产业,重点投资。他在《经济发展战略》中提出了“产业关联度标准”,关联度高的产业对其他产业有比较强的前向、后向、旁侧关联,应该把这种高关联度的产业作为主导产业。对主导产业进行系统分析的是美国发展经济学家罗斯托（W．W．Rostow）,他吸取了熊披特创新理论和赫希曼不平衡发展理论,一方面反映了新古典经济学观点,认为主导产业的高供给形成了需求压力和低价格,促使新产业的形成;     

发展中国家跨国公司的一体化战略研究

本文尝试以建立一个发展中国家跨国公司一体化战略选择的内生模型来研究差异化厂商基于国家间要素禀赋优势、贸易成本、市场容量以及自身技术水平等因素做出的一体化战略选择。并且通过比较静态分析方法,将此研究扩及到贸易自由化对差异化厂商均衡时的一体化战略、平均价格和生产规模,以及整体产业平均技术水平的影响。     

东北亚自由贸易区三方博弈的纳什均衡解

通过可计算一般均衡模型,对中、日、韩三国间建立自由贸易区的各种可能形式进行模拟分析,在博弈分析框架下得出包含中日韩三国的自由贸易区三方博弈的纳什均衡解;三国中任何一国通过与其他两国分别建立双边自由贸易区所建立的轴心-边陲型FTA是不可行的;建立中日韩FTA不仅能使三国的福利得到提高,而且能促进部分产业在区域外市场上的竞争力提升。     

MRIO模型在区域间产业关联强度研究中的应用

对产业关联强度的研究在产业经济理论上是一个新的进展。文章运用投入产出分析方法揭示一个区域经济体系中不同省级行政区产业间投入和产出的相互依存关系,为制定相关的区域产业政策提供了决策依据。文章以MRIO模型为原型简化了区域间投入产出模型,推导出两个新的系数,使得区域间投入产出分析方法广泛应用于区域间产业关联强度研究成为可能,并对四川和重庆之间七部门的产业关联强度进行了实证分析。     

FDI关联溢出效应研究的最新进展

本文对国内外FDI关联溢出效应的理论研究和经验研究作了全面的综述.从理论研究来看,无论是采用一般均衡的分析方法还是运用局均衡的分析方法,FDI关联溢出效应既有可能为正也有可能为负.跨国公司生产的产品越复杂,总部和工厂之间的信息成本越高,跨国公司比国内企业更加密集地使用当地生产的中间产品,跨国公司的进入便会产生很强的关联效应.另一方面,跨国公司的进入所产生的竞争效应会降低后向关联效应的程度.从经验研究来看,FDI后向关联溢出效应绝大多数情况显著为正,并且以FDI关联溢出效应为主的行业间溢出效应远比FDI行业内溢出效应的发生更加普遍和显著.FDI的类型、技术差距和外资的股权比例是影响FDI关联溢出效应的主要因素.将影响FDI关联溢出效应的其它因素如人力资本、研发效率、金融市场效率、人均收入等融入理论与经验研究模型是未来进一步研究的重点.     

江苏产业结构与经济增长的动态关系研究——基于灰色关联模型

结合1978年以来江苏省产业结构演变和区域经济增长情况,基于灰色关联模型对两者进行阶段性动态关联分析.结果表明:以第三产业发展为基础的产业转型的市场机制已经形成,可以借助市场这只无形的手,来实现生产要素由其它产业向第三产业的转移和升级,进而推动江苏经济发展和增长方式的转变;产业结构的演进很大程度上受三次产业间依赖关系的制约,过分重视某些产业的发展势必会带来产业间的非均衡发展;此外,金融业和房地产业在促进经济发展过程中发挥着不可替代的作用,维持金融市场和房地产市场健康稳定发展意义重大.总之,实现产业结构整体的合理化、高级化和产业间的均衡发展.应是江苏产业政策的最终目标.     

银行结构的局部均衡与一般均衡理论评述

目前国外有关银行结构的讨论大多从银行集中度对经济发展与增长的影响与作用出发，讨论银行体系的集中度、监管、所有权和制度的发展对银行利差、金融稳定以及企业获得资金的难易程度的影响。一些经济学家运用局部均衡模型或一般均衡模型的方法，比较研究不同银行体系结构的经济状况。他们发现，银行的市场结构通过影响储蓄结构、信用配给的范围、甄别借款者以及资本的积累从而对经济产生重要影响。Guzman（2000）将类似讨论内容划分为两类：局部均衡模型和一般均衡模型。     

税收的静态可计算一般均衡模型分析

建立研究中国税收问题的可计算一般均衡模型是一般均衡模型是本文进行探讨的目的,经过大量简化处理,本文建立的税收可计算一般均衡模型模拟了经济运行情况,并有侧重地讨论了我国三大流转税（增值税、消费税和营业税）的经济影响。同时,该简化模型的方法也为进上步推进中国税收可计算均衡模型研究工作打下基础。     

跨国公司国际战略调整对投资国产业关联的影响及启示

发展中国家积极寻求跨国公司对本国投资的目的在于通过产业关联获得“溢出效应”,并以此推动本国相关产业的发展。但近年来,发展中国家企业与跨国公司进行产业关联的难度在加大。在这种新形势下,发展中国家通过跨国公司的投资来促进本国产业发展的战略需要作相应调整。     

江苏省金融业投入产出分析

主要应用投入产出分析方法及其模型,依据江苏省2007年投入产出表数据资料,计算出金融业及各部门的直接消耗系数、完全消耗系数、感应度系数等有关指标,从总产出及其使用情况、总投入及其结构、直接产业关联和完全产业关联等角度,就金融业对江苏省经济的直接影响和完全影响进行了实证分析。分析结果表明江苏省金融业是江苏省经济体系中极为重要的产业组成部分,但与其他产业关联度不高,对经济发展的拉动作用较弱,属于强制约力、弱辐射力的产业。     

现代经济学的基本分析框架与研究方法

本文讨论了现代经济学研究人类经济行为和经济现象所采用的基本分析框架和研究方法。一个规范经济理论的分析框架有五个基本组成部分:( 1 )界定经济环境;( 2 )设定行为假设;( 3 )给出制度安排;( 4)选择均衡结果;( 5)进行评估比较。基本的研究方法包括提供研究平台、建立参照系、给出度量标尺,及提供分析工具。本文也讨论了区分充分条件与必要条件的重要性;正确理解经济理论的作用,一般性与相对性;数学在经济学中的作用等。     

Competition as market progress: An Austrian rationale for agent-based modeling

Economists recognize competition as fundamental to economic science. General equilibrium is not competition; Austrians, like other economists, have sometimes confused the two. The socialist calculation debate and the elimination of competition by socialists in the Soviet Union offer insight into danger of using an equilibrium framework to study competition. Current policy models are based on a general equilibrium framework, but heterogeneous interactive agent-based models are rising to challenge them. Austrian economists should embrace this new direction and guide the creation of agent-based models of the economy.     

Simulating Alternative Development Strategies: Some suggestions From Korea' Experience

This paper reviews the stylized facts about Korea's development strategy which distinguish it from most other developing countries. These stylized facts are then incorporated in two multi-sector models, a dynamic input-output (DIO) model and a computable general equilibrium (CEG) model. Both models are used to ask what might have happened to Korea if she had pursed an inward-looking rather than an outward-looking development strategy. [110]     

North–South Trade and Occupational Wages: Some Evidence from North America

The issue of trade and wages in general, and of North–South trade and wages in particular, has recently received a great deal of attention by economists and public policy analysts. This paper offers some empirical evidence of the effects of North–South trade on occupational wages in North America. Using a detailed, applied general equilibrium model, results are obtained indicating that it is possible for trade liberalization among the North American countries to entail real wage benefits for most occupational groups in all three countries. An exception to this general pattern is the case of agricultural laborers in Mexico.     

General equilibrium models with Morishima elasticities of substitution in production

Analytical general equilibrium (AGE) models are important tools that economists use to answer questions about theory and policy. When a production function has three or more inputs, the traditional modeling technique employs Allen elasticities of substitution to represent general functional forms. This paper builds an analytical general equilibrium model using the Morishima elasticity of substitution (MES). Specifically, an existing model using Allen elasticities is reformulated to employ the MES and the new, closed-form solutions are interpreted with additional insights from the reformulation. Importantly, the special case of constant elasticity of substitution (CES) production follows directly when using Morishima elasticities, but not Allen elasticities. This paper also provides a general technique for switching from Allen to Morishima elasticities in any existing AGE model and demonstrates a one-to-one numerical equivalence regardless of the elasticity measure employed. Replicating prior results, plausible parameter values are applied to the reformulated model to analyze the source-side, distributional effects of a pollution tax and highlight how the Allen and Morishima elasticities differ.     

南南合作?南北合作?--发展中国家在国际区域经济一体化中的选择

国际区域经济一体化是当今世界经济发展的新潮流,也是发展中国家面临的国际发展环境。参与国际区域经济一体化已经成为促进发展中国家经济发展的重要途径。发展中国家应选择哪些国家作为经济联盟伙伴,西方发展经济学界的激进主义反对南北合作而主张南南合作,近年来世界银行的经济学家的研究结果却表明,对于发展中国家来说,南北合作优于南南合作。多元化地选择联盟国家是发展中国家在国际区域经济一体化中的基本战略。     

A structuralist North–South model on structural change,economic growth and catching-up

This paper presents a structuralist North–South model on structural change, industrialization and economic convergence. In a balance-of-payments-constrained macro-setting, we assume a cumulative process between industrialization and growth. Differently from the traditional post-Keynesian models, we endogenize the productive structure of developing countries. We enquire how industrialization affects uneven development and convergence processes. Multiple growth paths and a long-run path-dependent equilibrium emerge. Industrialization proves to be a necessary but not sufficient condition for catching-up. Good management by the domestic institutions of domestic industrialization is a complementary requirement.     

BARRIERS TO ENTRY AND DEVELOPMENT*

We ask whether barriers to entry are a quantitatively important reason for the income gap between developing countries and the United States. We develop a tractable general equilibrium model that captures the effects of barriers to entry and the other main distortions typically considered in the development literature. We carry our model to the data and ask it to match the main development facts from the Penn World Table. We find that this requires large barriers to entry in developing countries, which account for about half of the income gap with the United States.     

CAN A MANUFACTURED GOOD CEASE TO BE A MANUFACTURED GOOD MERELY BY CROSSING A NATIONAL FRONTIER?

While economists often stress the importance of increasing developing countries' production and exports of manufactures, there are major inconsistencies in the definitions of 'manufactures' employed by national and international agencies. Specifically, developed and developing countries' production data is generally compiled using a far broader definition of manufactures than is employed for trade statistics. This limits the analytical utility of the output and trade data since they are not on a comparable base. An additional problem is that international agencies also employ different definitions of manufactures when compiling trade statistics. For some countries these definitional changes produce major differences in the value and share of manufactures exports and imports.
This study attempts to assess the analytical implications of six alternative definitions by comparing results when each is used to tabulate the 'manufactures' exports of 72 developing countries. The results show that the different definitions result in a discrepancy of $60 billion in developing countries manufactures exports. Sensitivity tests show that five or six products are responsible for the major discrepancies, with the key item being refined petroleum (SITC 332). These items are included in the UNIDO (trade) and most agencies output definitions, but are excluded from the trade definition used by UNCTAD, World Bank, and GATT.
The influence of the alternative definitions on some established country classifications, including UNCTAD's 'major exporters of manufactures', are examined. The results show that this country classification is out of date due to major shifts in the relative importance of individual exporters in the 1980s. However, even with the most recent trade statistics there would be important differences in 'major' or 'fast growing' exporters under alternative definitions of manufactured goods.     

Trade Policy Transparency and Investor Confidence: Some Implications for an Effective Trade Policy Review Mechanism

This paper is concerned with the value of the WTO's Trade Policy Review Mechanism, particularly its transparency role and its potential role in policy stability, for investor confidence in developing countries. The implications of reduced risk and uncertainty regarding trade policy for investor confidence, and ultimately for the capital stock and the long-run structure of production, are examined in an analytical model. Certainty equivalence is employed to assess the general equilibrium effects of risk and uncertainty. Their reduction can boost risk-adjusted returns, leading to an increase in long-run levels of capital.