Encouraging Environmentally Sustainable Growth: Experience in OECD Countries

This paper presents an overview of OECD analysis of progress and policies in ``enhancing environmentally sustainable growth' in a number ofcountries. The focus of the paper is on how countries succeed in conducting cost-effective and consistent policies in the environmental and natural resource areas, not on environmental policy or outcomes per se. The chapters were tailored to focus on a small number of interesting or important themes in each country, rather than aiming at a comprehensive coverage. Four common themes nevertheless emerged: a definite trend in recent years towards the use of market-based instruments; competitiveness and distributional issuesas obstacles to policy implementation; certain sectors where policies make environmental objectives harder or more costly to achieve; attempts to design institutions or processes to achieve co-ordination across policies and sectors. These arediscussed and illustrated in turn in the paper.     

环境政策综合化与企业环境管理自组织机制的培育

发达国家环境政策的演化并不是新工具对旧工具的取代,而是环境政策体系与工具的不断丰富与综合。基于环境问题的复杂性与模糊性,企业环境外部性问题的真正内化,依赖于企业环境管理自组织机制的培育。因此,环境政策应以培育与发展企业环境管理自组织为目标,环境政策综合化是适应不同企业处于不同环境管理自组织水平的需要。根据企业环境管理自组织水平,相机抉择实施不同环境政策,才能发挥政策的效力。     

Product Market Integration and Environmental Policy Coordination in An International Duopoly

We analyse the effect of product market integration on environmental policy incentives in an international duopoly, where national policy makers act strategically. If traditional trade policy instruments are not available, environmental policies will typically be determined by the interaction of conflicting policy incentives. Contrary to popular belief, we find that international product market integration, in this particular setting, might reduce the need for transnational policy coordination, both from a purely environmental and from a social welfare perspective.     

碳税政策效应理论研究评述

本文对国外有关碳税政策效应的理论研究进行了系统的回顾和梳理,分析了碳税的环境效应、经济效应、分配效应和福利效应,并比较了碳税与能源税、排污许可证交易制度在碳减排效果和政策成本方面的区别。本文分析表明,中国要实施碳税应充分借鉴国际经验和现有研究成果,并要结合我国经济社会的发展状况,作出进一步的理论分析与实证研究。碳税政策的制定,既要考虑自身的多重效应,又要仔细分析它与其他政策工具之间的相互影响。     

官员排名赛与环境政策执行——基于环境约束性指标绩效的实证研究

以从2006年开始实行的环境约束性指标为研究对象,结合晋升锦标赛和弱排名激励理论,提出了官员排名赛理论,认为约束性指标制度的建立为地方政府提供了环境绩效排名的平台,由此推动了地方政府环境政策执行力度。利用2006—2015年中国省际环境数据,采用动态面板数据估计方法,实证检验了各省环境绩效排名对其未来环境政策执行力度的影响。实证结果表明,环境绩效排名落后的省份在未来1~3年显著提高了节能和减排的政策执行力度。     

策略性环境政策:环境税和减排补贴的比较分析

文章把战略性贸易政策模型扩展到环境领域,策略性环境政策认为政府有动机通过降低环境标准补贴出口企业,以达到利润转移的目的.文章分析了策略性环境政策中比较受忽视的一部分--环境技术补贴,本国政府结合使用环境税和减排补贴,我们验证了政府使用策略性环境政策的动机,得到了最优的污染排放税率,认为虽然环境政策仍旧不能消除生产带来的环境损害,但是环境技术补贴提高了本国的环境标准,企业会更少地遇到绿色壁垒报复.     

绿色消费研究进展及政策分析

绿色消费作为实现可持续发展的一种积极的消费理念,越来越多地受到政府、学者和居民的关注。在阐述绿色消费的概念和内涵基础上,文章归纳、阐述了国内外学者在绿色消费各个领域的研究成果,进而介绍我国在推进绿色消费上采取的典型政策措施。在此基础上,从政府、企业、消费者行为三个方面提出对策和建议,以推进绿色消费在我国的推广。     

中国环境政策演变及其对企业环境创新绩效影响的实证研究

本文收集了1978—2007年国家及各部委颁布的2682项环境政策(不包括各省市颁布的地方法规),从中选出与企业环境创新相关性较强的428项政策进行量化分析,定量描述了中国环境政策的演变轨迹。同时,本文将量化的环境政策变量引入柯布-道格拉斯生产函数,探讨了其对企业环境创新绩效的影响。研究发现:政策强度对经济产出绩效和知识产出绩效具有显著的促进作用,对环境绩效中的能源消耗率与工业废水排放率具有明显的抑制作用;不同的行政措施和政策导向度对企业的经济产出绩效和环境产出绩效有不同程度的促进作用。     

中国数字经济发展的政策演进与理论研究脉络

数字经济发展的政策实践与理论研究具有一定的联动性。数字经济发展政策肇始于信息化,并在政策领域、政策重心和政策目标上展现出3维演进特征。2000—2012年数字经济发展呈“理论跟着政策走”的趋势;2012年党的十八之后,平台经济和数字经济等热点理论研究开始引领政策实践,二者间的互动更为积极有效。文献计量结果显示,党的十九大之后数字经济词频数达536,是2013—2017年的16.75倍;中心度也由0.18上升至0.32,数字经济研究的关联性和拓展性显著增强。平台经济、数字经济、数字贸易、互联网经济、共享经济是研究领域的关键节点。结合中国数字经济发展的政策演进和理论研究脉络,可以展望数字经济、数字贸易及数字金融会保持较高的研究热度,并且数字经济与高质量发展及数字安全将吸引更多的关注。与数字经济、数字金融和数字贸易相关的政策法规也将成为下一阶段的政策聚焦点。     

气候政策的经济环境效应及其缓解措施的研究综述——兼谈对我国的启示

气候政策对一国经济和环境产生一定的效应,开放经济条件下还将对一国产业的国际竞争力产生影响。碳泄漏等问题使得气候政策的实际减排效果受到了质疑。气候政策实施过程中产生的这些问题都将严重影响气候政策的有效性。为使气候政策的有效性达到最优,很多学者研究了缓解气候政策负面效应的措施。本文对一些重要的气候政策的经济环境效应进行了理论总结,从竞争力效应、经济效应、环境效应和研究方法这四个方面综述了相关实证研究成果,分析了气候政策负面效应的缓解措施,以期为制定适合我国的气候政策提供借鉴。     

Obstacles to emergence of high/new technology parks, ventures and clusters in Japan

The feasibility of and obstacles to government policies to promote high/new technology (HNT) parks, ventures and clusters are examined mainly in regard to the value systems in the administration and businesses (AB) world and the science and technology (ST) world. Using the language analysis method developed in the philosophy of science, semantic gaps concerning science and research between the two worlds were analyzed and demonstrated as leading the Japanese ST policies into contradictions. Cultural factors such as value gaps between the two worlds are shown to be responsible for the unsuccessful outcome of the ST policies. It is advised to reverse the current ST policies as a short-range policy and to foster ST potential in local areas by renovating traditional fermentation and other techniques and starting up ST-promoting tourism enterprises as a long-range policy.     

A Framework for Policy Oriented Innovation Studies in Industrialising Countries

This paper argues that there is increasing need for the integration of policy considerations in the formulation of research questions and in the development of analytical work in policy oriented innovation studies. Despite the fact that Evolutionary and Innovation Studies theories have offered new ways of incorporating policy, little explicitness in this regard has yet been achieved and there is a risk that academic research following the new perspectives will be of little relevance for policy. Rather than a ‘linear process’ starting with empirical research aimed at linking competitiveness and economic performance to technological capabilities (in a comparative perspective and aimed at identifying ‘best practice’) followed by very abstract and un-grounded ‘policy implications' - a new type of link between positive and normative economics in the field is required. Our approach suggests a new structure for policy-oriented and policy-relevant research, i.e. the integration of research on technological change and industrial transformation with research on policy and the development of a conceptual framework for the design and implementation of innovation policies.     

The employment effects of sustainable development policies

This paper argues that it is time for ecological economists to bring the employment impacts of sustainable development policies to the forefront of the research agenda. Important conservation efforts continue to founder because of their perceived employment effects. The paper examines the evidence on the employment impacts of sustainable development policies and argues that maintaining or even increasing employment depends critically on appropriate policy design and attention to the political economy of implementation of policies. The paper concludes that a better understanding of these issues, fair labour market and structural adjustment programs, and especially forward planning to anticipate problem areas, must replace the piecemeal, ‘knee-jerk’ reactions to environmental issues, such as were evident in Australia during the last federal election.     

Output‐based rebating of carbon taxes in a neighbour's backyard: Competitiveness,leakage and welfare

We investigate how, in an open economy, carbon taxes combined with output‐based rebating (OBR) perform in interaction with the carbon policies of a large neighbouring trading partner. Analytical results suggest that, whether the purpose of the OBR policy is to compensate firms for carbon tax burdens or to maximize welfare (accounting for global emission reductions), the OBR rate should be positive in policy‐relevant cases. Numerical simulations for Canada, with the US as the neighbouring trading partner, indicate that the impact of US policies on the OBR rate will depend crucially on the purpose of the Canadian OBR policies. If, for a given US carbon policy, Canada's aim is to restore the competitiveness of domestic emission‐intensive and trade‐exposed (EITE) firms to the same level as before the introduction of its own carbon taxation, we find that the necessary domestic OBR rates will be insensitive to the foreign carbon policies. However, if not only the Canadian carbon tax but also an equally high US tax is introduced, compensatory Canadian OBR rates will be up to 50% lower, depending on the sector and on US OBR policy. If the policy objective is to increase economy‐wide allocative efficiency (welfare) of Canadian policies by accounting for carbon leakage, the US policies will have only a minor downward pressure on desirable OBR rates in Canada. Practical choices of OBR rates hardly affect overall domestic economic performance; thus, output‐based rebating qualifies as an instrument for compensating EITE industries without a large sacrifice in terms of economy‐wide allocative efficiency.     

Cutting-edge technologies

National and international hot fusion policies have reached a policy nexus. Scientific and intellectual satisfaction is no longer sufficient to provide the motive force or the financial will needed to create viable commercial fusion. Yet market pull is still too weak to attract investors and commercial interests. Active and long-term public policy participation is the only solution. With much argument over the economic justification and strategic importance of on-going fusion research, this paper contributes to that debate with a discussion of fusion's progress, politico-economic importance and future development, with particular reference to current national and international activities. Technological problems of large-scale collaboration, actor roles and the rising strategic interests in these areas are highlighted, with a conclusion that such projects need to engage the public at a wider and broader level to help provide justification for their continued funding as well as heeding the lessons of previous large-scale international projects and avoiding national unilateralism.     

产学研合作创新补贴方式研究:以欠发达地区企业为例

针对企业创新行为给予补贴是政府鼓励企业创新的常见政策,由于受自身条件限制,欠发达地区政府在创新补贴发放形式上必须作出合理的选择。在考虑企业学习吸收能力的同时引入创新投入分配比例系数并建立三阶段博弈模型,分析欠发达地区产学研合作创新政府补贴策略的最优方式。分析结果表明:欠发达地区政府实施创新补贴策略可以有效激励企业加大创新投入规模;在宽松的知识产权保护政策下,随着学习吸收能力的提高,企业投入产出及社会福利均增加;相比之下,政府采取创新产品补贴策略时的各项产出均优于创新投入补贴。     

制造业转型升级政策协调性分析

以制造业转型升级相关政策为研究对象，搜集粤苏鄂辽4地省级层面的政策文献，综合运用政策文献计量和政策内容分析方法，开展基于政策发文单位的政策外部属性分析，以及政策工具和产业价值链的政策内容挖掘，刻画地方政府政策在3个维度上的协调性及地区之间的差异，进而为政策改进提供建议。结果发现，目前制造业转型升级相关政策中，基础政策数量偏少；过于依赖供给型和环境型政策工具，对需求型政策工具有所忽视；政策作用集中在研发、投资、生产环节，缺乏针对消费环节的政策。构建的三维研究框架可为分析公共政策的协调性提供参考，研究结论对政府部门补齐政策短板、优化资源配置具有重要政策启示作用。     

政府政策对棉农生产及环境变化的影响——以新疆南疆为例

政府在农村承担着公共服务、组织农民、保护农民和教育农民的职能,为了实现这些职能,政府出台了诸如财政补贴、金融保险、农业组织、技术推广和生产资料监管等许多促进农业生产与农民增收的政策,政府制定政策的初衷是好的,但在执行的过程中总是或多或少会产生一些负面效果,导致农民盲目扩大棉花种植面积、降低生产经营的自主性等,既不益于棉花产业的健康发展,也会给土地质量带来一定的负面影响。论文以新疆南疆为背景,分析了现行政府政策对棉农生产及环境的影响,并对政府政策引致的负面效果进行了原因剖析,指出政府职能不清、决策缺乏长远的全局意识与创新意识、政策信息不透明,政策的制定与执行缺乏系统衔接性和绩效评价环节是导致政府政策引致负面效果的原因所在。     

美日欧发展高新技术产业的比较研究

在全球竞争目益激烈的背景下,美日欧不断调整完善科技创新战略,加强重点领域研发,大力发展高新技术产业,培育新的经济增长点,以便在竞争中占据有利地位。通过从九大方面,包括产业发展战略模式、产业发展重点领域、法律保障、科技管理体制、科技投入、产学研合作模式、政府在科技成果转化和商业化中的作用、技术创新财税支持政策、科技人才政策等,对美日欧发展高新技术产业进行分析和比较．以期了解美日欧在发展高新技术产业中的做法和特点,使我国在发展高新技术产业中有所借鉴。     

政策脱轨效应:评估环境政策的新框架

目前我国尚未形成统一的环境政策评估规范体系,而对具体环境政策进行评估时,可能会因不同领域、不同视角、不同评估方法而带来不同的评估结果。针对现有环境政策评估体系存在的局限性,提出可以客观评估环境政策实施效果的框架:政策脱轨效应。从政策脱轨效应的定义、产生原因、分类及评估思路四个方面构建理论体系,同时根据脱轨效应理论框架分析我国不同时期的环境政策。该框架体系的基本特点是:将不同环境政策的评估统一到同一体系之下,以特定的模型和方法,评估环境政策实施是否存在"脱轨效应"。研究表明,环境政策实施后存在发生政策脱轨效应的可能性;消费品之间的替代(或互补)关系、单位环境效益和单位产量排污因子均会影响政策脱轨效应的产生;从脱轨效应角度分析,环境政策制定时的决策目标会影响政策实施效果,只有当环境政策以社会净福利为决策目标时,政策实施才可能避免出现政策脱轨效应,实现环境保护和经济增长的双重红利。