实际经济周期理论述评

由于卢卡斯批评的出现,宏观经济学在最近的20年里,又开始重新重视经济周期问题的研究.芬·基德兰德和爱德华·普雷斯科特开辟了这一问题研究的新路,创立了所谓的实际经济周期理论.这一理论特别注意对经济微观主体应对经济环境变化的行为的观察.实际经济周期理论强调技术冲击是经济波动的主要来源.在过去十多年里,实际经济周期理论的概念和方法已开始进入宏观经济学的主流.     

从国际经济周期理论到世界经济周期理论

来自经济体系外部的冲击,通过国际经济纽带在各国之间传导,并在市场机制作用下引起世界各国经济的大致同步波动,从而生成一轮世界经济周期,这种机制可以概括为\"外部冲击—部门传导—国际传导\"。     

实际经济周期理论与宏观经济政策"时间一致性"理论述评

实际经济周期理论认为“周期性的波动根源在于供给”。“时间一致性”理论对宏观经济政策运用中“时间一致性难题”的分析研究,为经济政策特别是货币政策的实际有效运用提供了思路;在对商业周期的研究中探讨了引起商业周期波动的各种因素和各因素间相互关系。本文旨在综合述评实际经济周期理论与宏观经济政策“时间一致性”理论的杰出贡献。     

奥地利学派经济周期理论述评

本文筒述了奥地利经济学派的经济周期理论,该学派认为,市场经济本身并不会导致经济周期,现实中出现的经济周期是由政府干预,特别是政府垄断并滥发货币造成的。     

我国农业家庭经营的波动规律与演变趋势

改革开放以来,家庭经营一直受到来自城市化与农业经营环境两个方面因素的外生冲击.按照真实经济周期理论,农户对两种外生冲击预期收益率的变化造成了家庭经营投资费用的波动.首先将改革以来家庭经营波动划分为6个周期,然后运用真实经济周期理论对家庭经营的波动周期、波动幅度与演变趋势进行比较分析.研究结论表明,在新农村建设时期,随着城市化步伐逐步加快,以及政府增加对"三农"的投资、发展现代农业等外生冲击力度加大,传统的小农家庭经营必然向家庭农场制转型.而在家庭经营转型过程中,政府不应干预农户的自主选择,而应通过加大两种冲击的影响力度,引导家庭农场制应运而生.     

An assessment of inflation targeting in a quantitative monetary business cycle framework: evidence from four early adopters

This article examines the effectiveness of inflation targeting (IT) to stabilize the real economy in advanced countries where IT was adopted in the early 1990s. To quantitatively assess IT, this article employs the monetary business cycle accounting methodology recently developed by ?ustek (2011), which is an extended version of Chari, Kehoe, and McGrattan (2007), to monetary models. Our main finding is that the monetary policy wedge that captures economic fluctuations caused by monetary policy has significantly declined since the implementation of IT in the early 1990s. The results suggest that advanced economies, such as Australia, Canada, Sweden and the United Kingdom, that adopted IT in the early 1990s have been successful in stabilizing business cycle fluctuations.     

Monetary policy and real wage cyclicality

This article points to the potential role of monetary policy in affecting the degree of real wage cyclicality. We show that the degree and direction of real wage cyclicality is determined by the interaction of (i) the returns to scale in production, (ii) the nature of aggregate shocks and (iii) monetary policy. Given that production technology is fairly constant in the short run, we suggest that variations in the real wage – output covariance depend largely on the combination of the latter two. Identifying well-documented monetary policy phases in six major Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries and accounting for both aggregate demand and supply shocks, we provide empirical evidence to support our main theoretical claim.     

我国积极财政政策"紧缩效应"的形成机制及其检验

积极财政政策的扩张性效果依赖经济周期的阶段性,积极财政政策也有可能通过货币需求的利率渠道和汇率渠道等,产生对于实际产出的紧缩影响.本文利用误差修正模型和时变参数模型,通过估计货币需求相对于实际产出的弹性系数,发现我国的财政政策仅在1996年前体现出显著的"紧缩效应",而在1996年后"紧缩效应"逐渐减弱和消失,这说明在我国宏观经济调控中,积极财政政策和稳健货币政策的组合方式和期限结构发挥了比较稳定的政策效果.     

The Canadian underground and measured economies: Granger causality results

Using new time-series data for the size of the Canadian underground economy, the relationship between unreported and measured GDP in that country is examined. Granger causality tests are conducted, with a proper allowance for the non-stationarity of the data. It is found that there is clear evidence of such causality from measured GDP to ‘hidden’ output, but only very mild evidence of Granger causality in the reverse direction. This result supports similar evidence for New Zealand reported by the first author, and has several interesting policy implications.     

Self-Enforcing Labour Contracts and Macroeconomic Dynamics

To properly account for the dynamics of the key macroeconomic variables, researchers incorporate various internal propagation mechanisms in their models. In general, these mechanisms implicitly rely on the assumption of a perfect equality between the real wage and the marginal product of labour. This paper features a micro-founded model of a limited-commitment firm, and derive endogenous dynamic labour contracts that produce a different linkage between the real wage and the marginal product of labour. The risk-sharing between the entrepreneur and the worker, both faced with enforcement problems, provides a different type of propagation mechanism. I investigate the dynamic properties of this endogenous rigidity in relation to the initial bargaining power of each agent.      

长波理论、创新与中国经济周期分析

在熊彼特看来,创新是经济繁荣的唯一原因。本文通过对英国技术创新和经济增长历史数据的分析,发现技术创新与经济增长之间有相互决定、相互影响的关系。按照这一发现,通过研究中国目前的经济增长和技术创新情况,本文认为,中国目前正处在创新高涨、潜在增长率下滑的阶段,虽然经济增速在短期内会放缓,但技术创新在未来5～10年内对经济会有拉升作用。除了加大研发投入,中国提高潜在增长率的关键是加快经济体制改革,为创新营造良好的环境,增强市场配置资源的作用。     

中国上市公司商业信用周期性变化的宏观经济动因研究

本文为了揭示中国上市公司商业信用周期性变化的宏观经济动因,构建了一个宏观经济因素影响上市公司商业信用行为的理论分析框架,从宏观和微观两个层面分析了宏观经济发展状况、货币政策和通货膨胀水平对中国上市公司商业信用周期性变化的影响机理。利用中国上市公司季度面板数据进行了实证检验。结果显示,随着货币政策宽松、宏观经济扩张和通货膨胀水平的增加,中国上市公司提供的商业信用净额都显著降低。这些研究结果折射出,当货币政策收紧或宏观经济收缩时,商业信用资金从上市公司部门流向非上市企业部门;反之,当货币政策过度宽松或宏观经济过度扩张时,上市公司部门通过商业信用渠道从非上市企业部门吸纳商业信用资金。