Pricing commercial mortgages and their mortgage-backed securities

This article has taken considerable effort to accurately model the complexity of a commercial mortgage and its mortgage-backed security. In fact, it is the first example in the general literature on mortgage pricing to present a comprehensive set of numerical results in which the valuation of a mortgage-backed security is explicitly tied to that of the underlying mortgage. The conclusion we reach is that option pricing provides an accurate and flexible approach to valuing the complex mortgage instruments now being developed in the financial community.     

Rational prepayment and the valuation of mortgage-backed securities

This article presents a new model of mortgage prepayments, basedon rational decisions by mortgage holders. These mortgage holdersface heterogeneous transaction costs, which are explicitly modeled.The model is estimated using a version of Hansen's (1982) generalizedmethod of moments, and is shown to capture many of the empiricalfeatures of mortgage prepayment. Estimation results indicatethat mortgage holders act as though they face transaction coststhat far exceed the explicit costs usually incurred on refinancing.They also wait an average of more than a year before refinancing,even when it is optimal to do so. The model fits observed prepaymentbehavior as well as the recent empirical model of Schwartz andTorous (1989). Implications for pricing mortgage-backed securitiesare discussed.     

Reputations and credit ratings: Evidence from commercial mortgage-backed securities

How do changes in a rating agency's reputation affect the ratings market? We study the dynamics of credit ratings after Standard & Poor's (S&P) was shut out of a large segment of the commercial mortgage-backed securities (CMBS) ratings market following a procedural mistake. Exploiting the fact that most CMBS have ratings from multiple agencies, we show that S&P subsequently eased its standards compared to other raters. This coincided with a partial recovery in the number of deals S&P was hired to rate. Our findings suggest that an agency can regain market share after suffering reputational damage by issuing optimistic ratings.     

Intermarket efficiency: An application of interbattery APT to mortgage-backed securities

Increasing popularity of investments in mortgage-backed securities has led to closer integration of the mortgage market into traditional capital markets. Using monthly returns during 1982–1988 for common stocks, Treasury bonds and GNMA and FHLMC mortgage-backed securities, the interbattery factor analytic Arbitrage Pricing Theory of (Cho, 1984) is used to test five hypotheses for intramarket and intermarket integration. Results indicate that three to five common factors are found within the same security market, while only one to three factors are found common between different markets.The APT could not be rejected within the same security market, but was rejected in most intermarket comparisons. While risk-free rates are found to differ between markets, the risk premium tests are conclusive indicators of integration. Our results support claims that the stock, bond, and the mortgage-backed securities markets are integrated.     

A note on refinancing costs,prepayment assumptions,and the value of mortgage-backed securities

This article analyzes the effect and timing of the FHA's streamline refinance program on the value of GNMA 15s. The program announced in March 1989 reduced the refinancing costs for those mortgages of 15 percent and above. The program is expected to reduce the value of GNMA's. The authors find a reduction of .47 to 3.40 points in the value of GNMA 15s during the 3-week to 13-week period following the announcement of the plan. The drop in value translates into a wealth loss for GNMA 15 holders of about $20 million over this time.     

The information content of three credit ratings: the case of European residential mortgage-backed securities

We assess the information content of three credit ratings for tranches of newly issued European residential mortgage-backed securities. We find that tranches rated by three credit rating agencies where the rating by Standard & Poor's (S&P's) Ratings Service or Fitch is inferior to Moody's lead to higher funding costs and reflects what we refer to as rating risk. Our results suggest that market participants do not view credit ratings by Fitch and S&P's as redundant despite the fact that both employ the same rating approach.     

Pricing mortgage-backed securities in a multifactor interest rate environment: a multivariate density estimation approach

Multivariate density estimation (MDE) suggests that mortgage-backedsecurity (MBS) prices can be well described as a function ofthe level and slope of the term structure. We analyze how thisfunction varies across MBSs with different coupons. An importantfinding is that the interest rate level proxies for the moneynessof the option, the expected level of prepayments, and the averagelife of the cash flows, while the term structure slope controlsfor the average rate at which these cash flows should be discounted.     

Regulating securities analysts

We examine the effects of regulations designed to address the potential conflict of interest that arises when sell-side analyst research is not independent of investment banking. We focus on two types of regulation: (1) internal barriers between equity research and investment banking that restrict communication; and (2) disclosure requirements relating to analyst compensation. We find that information barriers can increase research effort and improve report quality by limiting an investment bank's ability to distort its analyst's incentives. However, this type of regulation can also reduce information production and lower the quality of reports if an investment bank benefits directly from research activity. Disclosure requirements, on the other hand, unambiguously lead to more informative prices and a higher report quality relative to either information barriers or no regulation.     

Automated securities trading

Technological developments have permitted rapid changes in the structures of securities trading markets. These changes call for a reevaluation of regulatory regimes. For example, because divergent market structures competing for order flow may fall within different regulatory structures, the proper allocation of regulatory costs should be weighed. Because of the open access by all investors to all markets that technology permits, regulators need to examine the level of oversight necessary to ensure the protection of investors. Because of existing statutory limits, automated systems may pose particular problems in the U.S. regarding the appropriate levels of regulation for non-intermediated trading and cross-border systems that are regulated by an overseas authority. On another topic, automation facilitates increased transparency. In turn, transparency promotes investor protection, encourages market liquidity, and fosters the efficiency of securities markets by facilitating price discovery and open competition, thus reducing the effects of fragmentation. In the end, because it enhances the efficiency of the market's price discovery function and liquidity, transparancy contributes to the efficient allocation of scarce capital among competing demands for that capital. Finally, regulators should participate in the review of automated systems integrity, especially in the areas of capacity, security, and disaster recovery.National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc.A significant portion of this article appeared in a paper prepared by the Division of Market Regulation of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission for the 1991 Annual Conference of the International Organization of Securities Commissions, Panel on Automated Trading, September 26, 1991.The Securities and Exchange Commission, as a matter of policy, disclaims responsibility for any private publication or statements by any of its employees. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Commission or the other members of the staff of the Commission.Mr. Adkins' contribution to this article occurred while he was a staff member of the Securities and Exchange Commission. The views expressed herein are those of Mr. Adkins only and do not necessarily reflect those of the Commission, the National Association of Securities Dealers, Inc., or members of the staffs of the Commission or the NASD.     

Pricing interest-rate-derivative securities

This article shows that the one-state-variable interest-ratemodels of Vasicek (1977) and Cox, Ingersoll, and Ross (1985b)can be extended so that they are consistent with both the currentterm structure of interest rates and either the current volatilitiesof all spot interest rates or the current volatilities of allforward interest rates. The extended Vasicek model is shownto be very tractable analytically. The article compares optionprices obtained using the extended Vasicek model with thoseobtained using a number of other models.     

Underwriter reputation and the pricing of securities: Evidence from asset-backed securities

This paper investigates whether and how the underwriter reputation can affect the pricing of securities. Using data on collateralized loan obligations (CLO), asset-backed securities (ABS), and asset-backed medium-term notes (ABN) from 2014 to 2019 in China bond market, we find that the underwriter's reputation has a significantly negative impact on the issuance spread. This effect is more pronounced in the CLO and ABS markets, while that in the ABN market is not significant. Furthermore, we find that the originators play a critical role in determining the issuance spread of securities, as state-owned and listed originator receive a lower initial yield spread. In addition, the number of tranches and the proportion of subordination in a deal also have a stronger effect on the relation between which the underwriters' reputation and securities prices. These results suggest that underwriters play a role in reducing information asymmetry between originators and investors, which is partly corrected via underwriter reputation.     

发行通货膨胀指数化债券探讨

按一只债券在整个生命期内其未来现金流(包括本金和利息)是否固定,分为固定利率债券和浮动利率债券.其中浮动利率债券的未来现金流=利差 参考指数.当参考指数是与通货膨胀相关的指数时,这类债券就可以称为通胀指数债券(IIS).     

Measuring securities litigation risk

Extant research commonly uses indicator variables for industry membership to proxy for securities litigation risk. We provide evidence on the construct validity of this measure by reporting on the predictive ability of alternative models of litigation risk. While the industry measure alone does a relatively poor job of predicting litigation, supplementing this variable with measures of firm characteristics (such as size, growth, and stock volatility) considerably improves predictive ability. Additional variables such as those that proxy for corporate governance quality and managerial opportunism do not add much to predictive ability and so do not meet the cost–benefit test for inclusion.     

申银万国:信息化建设助力证券投资研究

上海申银万国证券研究所有限公司（以下简称“申银万国研究所”）成立于1992年，是国内证券经营机构中成立最早、具有独立法人资格并经中国证监会批准的具有证券咨询从业资格的综合性证券研究咨询机构，为中国证券业协会副会长单位。历经十几年的发展，申银万国研究所已发展成注册资本金2000万元、拥有百余人专业研究队伍的证券研究咨询机构。     

为通往资本市场造桥--中国建设银行证券业务系统建设侧记

商业银行其实是中国证券市场的最早参与者,中国股市就是在最早脱胎于银行的券商的推动下发展起来的。而早期混业经营的状况很快就显现出我国金融机构运行机制不规范、金融监管手段不完善等矛盾。为了更有效地控制金融风险,1995年5月,我国通过《中华人民共和国商业银行法》,明确决定了金融业的分业经营、分业管理模式。而目前世界发达国家金融业均为混业经营体制。就在我国以法律形式明确分业经营的4年后,美国在1999年11月通过了《金融服务现代化方案》法案,正式废止了分业经营体制,极大地解放了美国银行业,造就了一批竞争力很强的全能型银行…     

Market completion with derivative securities

Let \(S^{F}\) be a ?-martingale representing the price of a primitive asset in an incomplete market framework. We present easily verifiable conditions on the model coefficients which guarantee the completeness of the market in which in addition to the primitive asset, one may also trade a derivative contract \(S^{B}\). Both \(S^{F}\) and \(S^{B}\) are defined in terms of the solution \(X\) to a two-dimensional stochastic differential equation: \(S^{F}_{t} = f(X_{t})\) and \(S^{B}_{t}:=\mathbb{E}[g(X_{1}) | \mathcal{F}_{t}]\). From a purely mathematical point of view, we prove that every local martingale under ? can be represented as a stochastic integral with respect to the ?-martingale \(S :=(S^{F}, S^{B})\). Notably, in contrast to recent results on the endogenous completeness of equilibria markets, our conditions allow the Jacobian matrix of \((f,g)\) to be singular everywhere on \(\mathbb{R}^{2}\). Hence they cover as a special case the prominent example of a stochastic volatility model being completed with a European call (or put) option.     

对发展我国网上证券业务的思考

一、网上证券业务发展概况网上证券业务是指投资者利用互联网资源,获取国内外各交易所即时报价,查找各类经济金融信息,分析市场行情,并通过互联网委托下单,进行实时交易。证券业的设备先进性、业务实时性、客户分散性等特点促进了网上证券业务的产生和发展。网上证券业务具有低     

Convertible securities in merger transactions

This paper provides a rationale for the use of convertible securities as the medium of exchange in corporate change-of-control transactions. We argue that convertible securities can resolve the information asymmetry about the bidder’s value while at the same time mitigating the information asymmetry about the target’s value. In contrast, deals with cash or stock can only address one information asymmetry or the other but not both. Empirically, we find that a bidder is more likely to offer convertible securities, rather than all cash or all stock, when both the bidder and its target face large asymmetric information problems. We also find that both bidders and targets in convertible deals enjoy positive abnormal stock returns around takeover announcements. These findings provide empirical support for the use of convertible securities to resolve the double-sided asymmetric information problem. Finally, we find that bidder returns in convertible deals are larger than in all-cash and all-stock deals, but that target returns in convertible deals are smaller than in all-cash and all-stock deals.