我国各地区税收弹性系数差异的实证研究

本文采用实证分析方法，对我国税收弹性的总体趋势以及东、中、西部三个经济区域之间和三个经济区域内部的税收弹性差异的原因进行分析，认为我国税收高弹性增长是多种因素所致。应改革税收计划考核办法，充分考虑经济因素对税收的影响。     

我国企业资本有效税率测算北大核心

税收对企业的投资行为具有重要影响,对资本有效税率的测算是研究税收对投资影响问题的基础和关键。对我国微观企业2008~2019年资本有效税率进行测算,并进行敏感性分析,结果表明:企业间资本有效税率存在一定税收差别待遇,不同所有制、不同行业的企业的资本有效税率有所区别,但近年来资本有效税率整体呈现下降趋势,且离散程度减小,说明我国税收优惠力度不断加大,资源配置效率有所提高,税收差别待遇情况逐渐得到缓解。因此,应降低法定税率、提高法定折旧率以及控制通货膨胀率,为加强企业税收激励、发挥税收的投资引导作用提供方向。     

金融发展、税收中性与企业税负

“十四五”规划指出要健全符合高质量发展要求的财税金融制度。本文关注税收中性和税收稳定器在微观企业的实践和表现,以阐述和论证金融发展对企业实际税收负担的影响机制。基于内生经济增长模型,引入金融发展和企业投资成本的概念,进行理论分析发现,在中国经济的实际特征下,随着金融发展程度的提高,地方政府通过降低企业的实际税率来扩大企业产出,从而推动社会福利最优化。经验证据表明,较高金融发展水平使企业融资成本降低,鼓励企业选择债务融资机制,有利于降低企业投资成本,提高企业经济效益和利润。这也有利于地方政府增加税收收入,缓解财政压力,并进一步降低企业税负,从而再次推动企业产出的扩大。研究结果表明,当金融发展水平提高10%,该地区企业所得税、增值税和总体税负的实际税率将分别减少1.59%、0.76%、1.02%。本文的结论可为壮大市场主体、提升政府宏观治理能力以及深化财税金融体制改革提供参考和建议。     

税收优惠与外资企业在华研发——基于前瞻性有效平均税率的考察

利用税收优惠促进外资企业在华研发是“稳外资”的重要手段。本文使用2008—2015年全国企业税收调查数据,测算前瞻性有效平均税率,实证考察了税收优惠对外资企业在华研发的影响。研究发现,税收优惠对外资企业在华研发具有显著的促进效应,这一效应通过提高外资企业技术转化水平、缓解外资企业融资约束、促进外资企业人力资本升级三条路径实现。异质性分析发现,税收优惠会显著促进制造业外资企业在华研发,且对高技术制造业企业的促进效应更明显。综上,本文聚焦于税收优惠与外资企业在华研发,提出加大对外资企业研发的税收支持力度,差异化外资企业在华研发税收优惠标准,畅通外资企业研发成果转化渠道和人力资本提升通道、以国内需求拉动外资企业研发,进一步扩大外资准入范围等建议,为进一步优化“稳外资”政策提供参考。     

税收激励如何促进企业社会责任履行?——基于前瞻性有效税率的实证检验

承担企业社会责任是高质量发展阶段下企业生存与发展的基础。减税降费作为调控经济、激发市场活力的重要政策工具,其根本目的在于应对经济下行,增强企业生存能力与发展动力。本文以我国2010-2019年A股上市公司为样本,探究税收激励对企业社会责任履行的影响,并从宏微观、主客观和内外部多维度厘清其影响机制。研究发现：税收激励能显著促进企业履行社会责任,且提高内部管理层情绪与缓解外部融资约束是主要作用机制;进一步分析表明,税收激励对企业社会责任的促进作用在制度环境较差地区及非国有企业中更为显著。本文研究为政府推动企业社会责任履行提供政策启示,有助于增强企业履行社会责任的主观能动性,助力我国经济与社会的高质量发展。     

国际税收竞争、资本管制与企业所得税负担调整

在经济全球化的背景下,为争夺国际资本,各国都实行了相当优惠的公司所得税政策。但是,减税等国际税收竞争措施的作用是不确定的,一国应采取的国际税收竞争战略与其国家规模、资本管制政策等因素密切相关。面对近年来引进外国直接投资(FDI)增速放缓和逐步放松资本管制的大背景,我国必须抓住内外资企业所得税制度合并的有利时机,合理调整我国企业所得税负担。     

Measuring the Effective Tax Burden in the Real World*

This paper argues that forward‐looking indices of the effective tax burden on income from capital – namely, effective marginal and average tax rates – are negatively biased because traditional models overlook dividend constraints associated with financial tax incentives, such as accelerated depreciation. The paper presents measures of the two indices adjusted to remove the bias and compares the new indices with the traditional ones. Numerical simulations carried out to quantify the magnitude of the bias for France, Germany, Ireland, Italy and the UK give evidence of sizeable distortions in the unadjusted indices and, in turn, suggest significant mismeasurement in the current assessment of the effective tax burden.     

我国个人所得税负担能力的宏观分析

我国现行税制结构是流转税畸重,所得税,尤其是个人所得税畸轻,因而财政体制的自动调节器作用以及税收缓解社会收入分配不均的功能都很弱,在总需求不足时还影响国家的财政收入.     

消费税与所得税的比较与选择

供应经济学关于经济增长的原理认为,决定经济长期增长的源泉是资本、劳动、技术、自然资源等要素的供给.     

新企业所得税制度下我国居民企业实际平均税负的估测

企业承担的实际平均税率作为企业实际税负的一个体现,在很大程度上影响着潜在投资者的投资决策,准确而全面地估测企业的实际平均税率,可以为投资者及政策制定者提供有价值的参考。在我国实施新企业所得税制度的背景下,从企业和股东个人这两个层面分别估测投责者采取不同融资方式、投资于不同资产时可能承担的实际平均税率,并检验上述结果对各种假设条件的敏感性,具有重要的现实意义和参考价值。     

Environmental Taxes, International Capital Mobility and Inefficient Tax Systems: Tax Burden vs. Tax Shifting

This paper deals with the so-called double dividend of an environmental tax reform. In a model with only labor and a polluting input as factors of production, we find that society faces a trade-off between internalizing environmental externalities and raising revenues in the least distortionary way. However, if capital enters the production structure, an ecological tax reform may render the tax structure more efficient from a non-environmental point of view, thereby raising not only environmental quality but also private incomes.     

企业所得税超额负担归宿的一般均衡分析

征收企业所得税使得两部门资本要素的边际生产率不同,扭曲了资本市场的资源配置,造成了经济体的实际收入损失(即超额负担)。该实际收入损失相应地降低了社会需求,社会需求又影响要素相对价格,最终影响企业所得税超额负担的归宿。研究表明,劳动要素承担了企业所得税所带来的大部分超额负担。     

外籍人员个人所得税的计算缴纳

近年来,我国境内外籍人员不断增多,使得外籍人员在华纳税问题逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。本文从现行税收法律法规出发,介绍了外籍人员取得的工资薪金、奖金以及其他几种特殊情况的个人所得税的具体缴纳方法。     

A Note on the Composition of Public Expenditure under Capital Tax Competition

Keen and Marchand ( Journalof Public Economics, 1997, 66, 33–53) argue that undercapital tax competition, the composition of public expenditureis inefficient in that too much is spent on public inputs benefitinglocal business and too little on public goods benefiting residents.Their result depends on labor immobility. This note shows thatthe Keen-Marchand argument may not hold if both labor and capitalare mobile. An interesting case is identified where capital taxationdoes not distort the mix of public goods and public inputs, eventhough the overall level of public expenditure is inefficientlylow.     

How Firms Make Capital Expenditure Decisions: Financial Signals, Internal Cash Flows, Income Taxes and the Tax Reform Act of 1986

This paper empirically assesses the determinants of future net capital expenditures for a broad cross-section of COMPUSTAT firms from 1973 to 1989. We explore three general categories of factors expected to affect investment: (1) external equity financing, (2) internally generated accounting information, and (3) tax incentives. We find that external financing and information plays a role in that both positive stock returns and equity issuances indicate future increases in investment. The results suggest that high stock prices not only lower the cost of capital, but also signal good investment opportunities. Accounting information about internal sources and uses of funds are also important in the investment decision. In particular, net income and depreciation are positive indicators of future investment while there is a tradeoff between the payment of dividends and investment. Further, positive changes in available cash liquidity also motivate future investment. While taxes are not important in the investment decision on average, we find that firms with previously higher income taxes invested substantially more in 1985 and 1986. This coincides with the repeal of the investment tax credit and the accelerated depreciation schedules in the Tax Reform Act of 1986. We view this as evidence that federal tax policy in the 1980's induced firms with high income tax obligations to accelerate capital expenditures just before the favorable tax treatment of capital expenditures was eliminated.