粮食直接补贴政策的效应研究

粮食问题一直是我国农业政策的核心,我国从2004年开始逐步将粮食补贴从流通领域补贴转为直接补贴,本文通过模型分析的方法,量化分析我国农业直接补贴的政策效应,分析了粮食直接补贴对粮食产量、粮食价格、农民收入等方面的影响,并对我国粮食直补政策提出建议.     

江西种稻大户对粮食补贴的政策认知、行为意愿及其对策建议

规模经营是现代农业发展的方向,种稻大户是稳定发展粮食生产的重要力量.本文基于江西15个粮食主产县120户种稻大户的问卷调查,在分析种稻大户生产经营行为特征的基础上,分析其对粮食补贴政策认知特征、行为意愿,提出了促进江西种稻大户发展生产的政策建议:完善农业补贴政策,构建对种稻大户的补贴机制;完善粮食最低收购价政策,高度重视农业生产资料价格的稳定;加大支农力度,强化对种稻大户的技术和信贷服务;发展专业合作组织,提高抵御风险能力等.     

2004年我国农业直接补贴改革的思考--与欧美农业直接补贴的比较

对农业进行补贴是大多数发达国家农业政策的核心。按照WTO《农业协议》的要求,发达国家的农业补贴已初步完成由价格支持向直接收入补贴的转型。2004年粮食直接补贴改革在我国推开,这标志着我国农业补贴政策的调整已正式启动。本文对发达国家直接补贴政策的福利效应进行分析,并对我国当前直接补贴政策中存在的问题和调整方向提出政策建议。     

粮食生产利益补偿的理论依据分析

农业是我国国民经济的基础产业,自2003年起国家陆续实施了粮食生产直接补贴、农资综合直接补贴、良种补贴和农机具购置补贴等一系列粮食生产利益补偿政策,这些财政政策的推行,不仅促使农业更好的发展,也极大地提高了农民的生产积极性,对粮食增产起到了较大的推动作用。为了更好地落实这些粮食生产利益补偿财政政策,平衡国家粮食安全与财政对农支出依存关系,文章以粮食生产利益补偿的理论依据为切入点,分析利益补偿的必要性和立足点,进而有效发挥政策的社会和经济效应。     

印度农业补贴政策的特点与启示

我国农业发展的长期目标是确保粮食安全、提高农户收入和增强可持续发展,农业保护和农业补贴政策的正确选择实施是保障这些战略目标的关键。印度的国情特别是农业发展与我国有很多相似之处,因此文章归纳了印度农业补贴的特点,如使用粮食最低保护价政策、利用WTO的《农业协定》的规定以及粮食补贴改革等。印度当前的农业补贴的特点对我国农业补贴政策有一些有益的启示,文章分析了我国农业补贴政策的不足,提出了相应的对策。     

粮食直补对稻农参与非农劳动的影响分析——基于湖北309户农户入户调查的分析

随着我国经济结构转型,农村劳动力大量向非农业领域转移,非农劳动收入已成为湖北农民现金收入的主要来源。实施粮食生产补贴政策将直接增加农户收入,农户劳动力分配很可能因此产生调整。基于湖北309户水稻种植户的入户调查,运用Probit模型分析粮食补贴政策是否影响水稻种植农户参与非农劳动的情况。研究结果显示：接受粮食补贴的水稻种植农户中参与非农劳动的显著增加受多方面因素影响,无论按计税面积计算的粮食补贴还是按种植面积计算的粮食补贴,都将影响农民参与非农劳动。     

美国农业补贴政策转变对我国直接补贴政策的启示

1990年以来,备国纷纷在自己的农业补贴政策体系中加入直接补贴。我2004年开始直接补贴,但也存在了一定的问题：促进粮食增产缺乏持久性;促进粮食增收效果欠佳。美国农业补贴政策经历了从价格支持为主的补贴政策到以直接补贴为主的补贴政策,再到综合性补贴这三个阶段,给我们一些启示：我国不适应以直接补贴为主的补贴政策;直接补贴不能替代价格支持。因此,现阶段我国应该对直接补贴准确定位,把其作为价格支持政策的补充。     

我国农业补贴政策研究述评

我国从2004年开始对种粮农民实行种粮直接补贴、良种补贴、农机购置补贴和农资综合补贴等农业补贴政策.学术界对农业补贴政策进行了多方位、多角度的研究,本文从农业补贴政策体系、农业补贴政策目标绩效、农业补贴政策实施存在的问题等视角对相关研究成果进行归纳总结,并指出对农资综合补贴政策效应的研究、基于农户层面的研究、对粮食主销区政策绩效的研究应是今后需要重视的领域.     

粮食补贴政策的协同效应分析

从世界范围来看,农业补贴的核心是粮食补贴。运用灰色关联分析法,从我国现行粮食补贴政策的实施效果分析来看,在提高粮食产量和增加种粮农民收入上,生产性专项补贴与农资综合直补比直接补贴更有成效,直补政策在增加农民收入方面更具优势。我国应该合理整合各项补贴政策,发挥其协同效应,以保障粮食增产和农民增收两大目标的实现。     

构建我国新的粮食价格支持政策框架的建议

当前,我国粮食供给格局已从紧平衡转化为部分品种阶段性过剩,现有临时收储与托市收购的粮食价格支持政策弊端凸显,改革粮食价格支持政策势在必行。比较优化收储、目标价格和收入补贴等三种具有代表性的粮食价格支持政策改革方案,提出构建"2+2"粮食价格支持政策框架,即继续完善大豆目标价格制度,适时推出玉米目标价格政策以替代临时收储政策,对稻谷、小麦继续实行最低收购价制度并加以完善。同时,推进农业补贴制度、粮食储备制度、粮食进出口调控等相关配套政策改革。     

The effects of purchasing and price subsidy policies for agricultural products under target zones

A good harvest usually leads to a collapse of agricultural prices since the price elasticity of agricultural products is relatively low. To stabilize the market and protect farmers, many countries have introduced a target zone policy, together with product purchasing or price subsidy strategies. This article analyzes the effect of a target zone with different strategies operating in a coordinated manner. The results show that a target zone policy with agricultural product purchases does not necessarily stabilize agricultural product wholesale prices, but is able to stabilize manufacturing product prices, if the price effect is smaller than the sum of the wealth and asset effects for agricultural products and the price effect is larger than the interest rate effect for manufacturing products. On the contrary, a target zone policy with an agricultural product price subsidy will generate the “honeymoon effect” for agricultural product wholesale prices, but will result in unstableperformance of manufacturing product prices.     

Agricultural producer service subsidies and agricultural pollution: An approach based on endogenous agricultural pollution

Agricultural producer service is an indispensable link in promoting agricultural modernization in developing countries, while agricultural pollution has become the largest source of pollution in many developing countries. Given that agricultural pollution is different from industrial pollution due to its endogenous characteristics, we linked agricultural pollution with the human capital level of labor and propose an endogenous model that reflects the agricultural pollution path, which is different from the traditional path. We studied the effects of government price subsidy, interest subsidy, and wage subsidy to agricultural producer service on agricultural pollution and other economic indicators by constructing a three-sector general equilibrium model including agricultural producer service. We found that the rise of price subsidy for the agricultural producer service and the wage subsidy of the agricultural producer service sector would increase the output of agricultural sector and reduce the output of agricultural producer service under certain conditions, but aggravate agricultural pollution; at the same time, the rise of interest subsidy of the agricultural producer service sector would decrease the output of the agricultural sector, enhance the output of agricultural producer service conditionally, and decrease agricultural pollution. Preconditions of the three subsidies to improve national welfare have been obtained.     

农机补贴的收入分配效应：效率、公平，抑或兼而有之*

农机补贴是具有门槛效应的效率增益政策，通常效率与公平如鱼和熊掌不可兼得。本文通过理论模型分析了农机补贴对农业生产及农村劳动力转移的影响；并通过工具变量法和中介变量法研究了农机补贴的收入分配效应及其作用机制。研究发现，农机补贴显著降低了农户收入的基尼系数，提高了收入分配公平性；其作用机制是农机补贴提升了农业生产效率，促进了农村劳动力转移，提高了打工收入，尤其是相对贫困农户，溢出效应对冲了门槛效应，使得农机补贴的收入分配效应兼具了效率和公平。     

农产品价格与农民收入增长关系的动态分析

实证分析表明,在1978～2010年的样本区间内,农产品生产价格上涨对我国农民收入水平的提高没有显著作用。因此,在出台提高农产品价格的政策选择上,应持谨慎的态度。农业生产资料价格上涨对农民收入增长具有较微弱的负向影响。切实控制农业生产资料价格的非理性上涨,应是政府的长期政策取向。而加大政府对农业的支持力度,建立和完善符合国际惯例和中国国情的农业综合补贴支持体系,推进农业产业化以加快农村劳动力的转移,不失为解决农民增收困难问题的重要途径。     

基于粮食安全背景下的农业补贴安排

全球农产品价格上涨,甚至在一些国家造成了通胀。粮食安全问题再次引起各国政府关注。结合当前的国内外形势,从贸易扭曲、战略选择、粮食安全等角度对农业补贴进行分类。直接补贴,农民可以直接受益,如农民收入补贴。另一种是间接补贴,农民只能间接受益,如农产品价格补贴,包括中国采取的按保护价收购农民余粮的价格补贴。     

后农业税时代河西走廊农户农地流转意愿及其影响因素分析——以张掖市为例

以河西走廊张掖市农户调查为例,采用Logistic模型对取消农业税后农户农地流转的意愿及其影响因素进行定量分析。研究表明：农地流转交易价格是影响农户农地流转的主要因素;家庭非农收入比例也对农户农地流转有较显著的影响作用;农业补贴额作用着农户农地流转;＂农户对农业税费减免政策的效应感知＂在一定程度上也影响农户农地流转。最后,提出了相关的政策建议。     

农产品价格上涨不会引起CPI上涨——基于投入产出价格模型

笔者以2007年投入产出表为基础,分析了农业与各部门的产业关联程度,测算了农、林、牧、渔业对CPI及各部门价格的波及效应。研究结果表明,农产品价格上涨不是造成CPI高涨的主要因素,而能源型和资源型生产部门价格上涨是影响CPI上涨的主要因素,也是推动农产品价格上涨的主要因素。     

Subsidies under uncertainty: Modeling of input- and output-oriented policies

Agricultural subsidies play an essential role in agricultural and rural development in many developed economies. Countries have implemented agricultural subsidy policies with a focus on food security and environmental protection. Agricultural production is risky and uncertain, influencing the efficiency of agricultural subsidies. This study develops a theoretical framework to analyze the effects of production uncertainties on the efficiency of agricultural subsidy policies under the double constraints of food security and environmental protection. The basic model is investigated under six different conditions, and expanded research also is presented. Our models show that uncertainty, including output, cost, and price uncertainties, and technology conversion efficiency significantly affects the efficiency of agricultural subsidies. Under high technology conversion efficiency, output-oriented subsidies are appropriate for food security and environmental protection goals. Policymakers should take both uncertainty and production efficiency into consideration when choosing between input-oriented and output-oriented subsidy policies.     

On the Second-best Policy of Household's Waste Recycling

This study analyzes the second-best household's waste recycling policy. If we assume the first-best economy with no illegal disposal or transaction costs, then unit pricing, an advance disposal fee and a recycling subsidy are required in order to achieve the social optimum such that both the sum of unit pricing and an advance disposal fee and the sum of unit pricing and a recycling subsidy are equal to the marginal disposal cost. Furthermore, the first-best outcome can also be obtained by a producer take-back requirement system.In the real economy, however, various factors prevent the first-best optimal outcome. In this study we consider two factors, one being the transaction cost associated with a recycling subsidy (or refund) and the other being illegal disposal by the consumer. If a recycling subsidy (or a deposit-refund system) is adopted, a transaction cost associated with it will be generated. Alternatively, if unit pricing is adopted, some of the consumed goods may be disposed of illegally. We show the complete trade-off between unit pricing and a recycling subsidy. In other words, we can not adopt unit pricing and a recycling subsidy simultaneously. As a result, there are three candidates for the second-best policy: unit pricing with an advance disposal fee, a deposit-refund system, and a producer take-back requirement system.Which of these three policies is the second-best policy will depend on the relative magnitude of the price of a recycled good and the marginal transaction cost associated with a recycling subsidy (or the refund in a deposit-refund system). Generally, if the price of a recycled good is positive and the marginal transaction cost is relatively high, unit pricing with an advance disposal fee is the second-best policy. However, where the price of a recycled good is negative and the marginal transaction cost is relatively high, a producer take-back requirement system is the second-best policy. Further, where the marginal transaction cost is relatively low, a deposit-refund system is the second-best policy, regardless of whether the price of a recycled good is positive or negative.