光伏企业城镇土地使用税缴纳之谏

发展光伏发电等清洁绿色可再生能源是我国能源转型和可持续发展的重大战略决策,近年来国家和地方政府先后发布了多项光伏发电相关税收优惠政策,但在实际操作过程中,仍面临着政策不明朗、缺少连贯性、各地配套政策不统一等现实情况。针对光伏发电企业计缴城镇土地使用税问题,进行有关分析并提出建议。     

我国光伏发电产业存在的问题及对策建议

太阳能是重要的可再生能源。积极发展光伏发电,既缓解能源供需矛盾、优化能源结构,又有利于产业结构调整。对我国光伏发电产业现状、发展趋势、存在的问题等进行了分析,提出了我国光伏发电产业健康有序发展的对策和措施建议。     

中国光伏产业发展的技术经济分析

太阳能是最重要的可再生能源,在世界环境与能源危机的背景下,其应用价值凸现.太阳能发电的光伏技术是太阳能应用的重要技术,发展前景巨大,我国光伏产业发展面临着机遇与选择.本文应用技术经济理论与方法.从技术、企业、产业和国家四个层面,对我国光伏产业的发展问题进行了研究,提出了促进我国光伏产业又好、又快发展的对策建议.     

“十三五”光伏发电成本走势分析

正自2011年始,我国光伏发电快速发展,截至2015年底,我国光伏发电累计装机容量4318万千瓦,成为全球光伏发电装机容量最大的国家。根据国家能源局规模发展指标,"十三五"期间,我国每年新增光伏发电装机容量为1500~2000万千瓦,到2020年底光伏发电总装机容量达到1.5亿千瓦,以2015年为参照,年均增长速度超过20%,继续保持全球最强劲增长光伏市场。光伏装机快速发展相对应的是光伏补贴的快速增长,据统计,2015年中国可再生能源补贴资金缺口累计逾400亿元。根据目前的补贴政策,如果2020年光伏装机达到1     

破解难题 注重实效积极推进分布式光伏发电健康发展

光伏能源是一项战略性的新兴产业。在我国发展太阳能大有可为,特别是在东部沿海和中部地区发展分布式光伏发电更加具有广阔前景。目前,在我国发展分布式光伏发电尚存在一定难度。如何促进我国光伏产业健康发展？我们认为应当解决好几个关键性问题。     

积极应对分布式电源并网

分布式电源发展面临新的形势和挑战 当前,我国光伏发电、天然气多联供发电、资源综合利用发电已进入大规模建设的发展阶段。根据《能源发展“十二五”规划》,2015年,我国将建成1000个天然气分布式电源项目,10个天然气分布式电源示范区;分布式太阳能发电达到1000万千瓦。建成100个以分布式可再生能源应用为主的新能源示范城市。     

重点解决“立”的问题

近年来,我国以风电、光伏发电为代表的新能源发展迅速,同时新能源开发建设也面临新的挑战。对此,我国应从创新开发利用模式、构建新型电力系统、建设新机制等方面着手,进一步做好新能源高质量发展的相关工作。     

广西发挥电网“绿色平台”作用 最大化消纳可再生能源

正近年来,我国可再生能源装机量一路飙升,水电、风电、光伏发电装机规模均居世界首位,成为我国能源供应的"绿色发动机"。截至2017年底,我国可再生能源发电装机达到6.5亿千瓦,可再生能源发电装机约占全部电力装机的36.6%。然而,如何多渠道最大化消纳水电、风电、光伏发电等可再生能源,减少弃水弃风弃光,成为各地面临     

分布式光伏电站无人机应用

人类为了应对越来越紧迫的能源危机和环境危机,正在大力发展光伏发电等清洁能源。2017年,我国光伏发电新增装机高达53.06 GW,其中,分布式光伏新增装机达到20 GW,占全部新增装机的接近40%,分布式光伏电站的运维也面临日益严峻的挑战。     

德美分布式光伏规模化发电并网的经验

电网在分布式光伏发电规模化应用中的地位和作用 光伏发电系统具有模块化设计的特点,系统扩展性强,容量可灵活选择,规模可从数瓦到数兆瓦.发展分布式光伏系统是推广利用太阳能发电的重要形式.光伏发电系统出力的波动性和随机性降低了光伏系统运行的经济性,也对接入电网的稳定运行带来一定影响.随着先进控制技术的发展以及并网技术的发展,优化光伏发电系统的设计和运行管理,可实现保障电网安全运行前提下的光伏发电系统低成本并网,实现光伏发电系统和电网的双赢.     

Operating Strategies for Battery Storage Systems in Low-Voltage Grids to Limit the Feed-In Power of Solar Power Systems Using Fuzzy Control

Germany’s energy turnaround is leading to an increasing integration of photovoltaics (PVs) throughout its distribution grid. To ensure safe grid operation in times of high solar radiation, PV plants must either be throttled back to comply with the feed-in limitation or store a portion of their excess electricity in batteries. This paper presents a grid-optimized operating strategy for PV storage systems based on a Fuzzy Logic Controller that reduces peak feed-in and thus also PV curtailment losses. The Fuzzy Logic Controller uses data on PV power surplus and battery charge level as input variables. To obtain good results, the set of numerical parameters of the membership functions is enhanced by evolutionary programming.The energetic assessment shows that even small electrical storage capacities (<<5?kWh) reduce curtailment losses considerably when using the grid-optimized operating strategy. The economic assessment shows that, in 2016, investments in PV storage systems with large PV plants and small batteries have small (positive) Internal Rates of Return. The system efficiency of the battery storage has a small impact on the profitability of PV storage systems, whereas the cycle stability and the electricity purchase price have a large impact. Moreover, there is an economic benefit for plant operators to switch from the simple to the grid-optimized operating strategy. Solar forecast inaccuracies and variations in load and generation profiles have a negligible impact on the performance of the control algorithm.     

我国太阳能光伏技术扩散预测研究

太阳能光伏的利用和商业化已经受到世界各国的重视,本文以太阳能光伏技术为研究对象,以Logistic模型为基础,估算我国2010年之前太阳能光伏市场最大经济可开发量,并预测2010~2030年间太阳能光伏技术扩散趋势。结果表明,太阳能光伏技术发展呈曲折上升趋势,2009年太阳能光伏发电最大经济可开发量达25379.13兆瓦,但实际仅利用1.2%。2020年我国太阳能光伏市场开发率也将达到12%,2030年我国太阳能光伏市场开发率将达到59%之多,这对于缓解我国电荒有重大意义。我国太阳能资源丰富且前景广阔,政府应加大重视太阳能资源在光伏领域的应用及投入,以提高太阳能资源的市场价值。     

光伏发电产业亟需政策扶持

分析了在世界光伏产业迅猛发展的背景下,我国目前光伏产业快速发展的现状和存在的内需不足、研发和创新能力弱等问题;研究了欧、美、日等发达国家对光伏产业的扶持政策和上网电价,分析了发达国家对光伏产业扶持政策的特点;从发达国家的经验可以看出,光伏发电产业的发展离不开政府的支持,在我国太阳能产业“两头在外”的形势下,大力促进太阳能作为清洁能源的开发利用更需要政府扶持,所以要创建具有中国特色的光伏产业扶持政策。     

湖北光伏产业发展定位分析

在阐述我国及湖北光伏产业链各环节发展现状的基础上，分析了湖北发展光伏产业的比较优势，指出湖北虽应重视光伏产业发展，但不能急于求成，短期内不必效仿其他省份打造光伏千亿元产业，而应从健全产业链、启动光伏市场、壮大企业规模、增强企业竞争力等方面，以光伏技术的推广利用为切入点和突破口，以应用拉动产业，适度鼓励和扶持光伏产业发展。     

Vergleichende Analyse der technisch-wirtschaftlichen Bedingungen von PV-Anlagen Mit Süd- und Ost-West-Ausrichtung

PV power plants with east-west-orientation have a lower energy production per installed kW_p due to their orientation than those facing to south. Thus they need a reduction of costs to compensate the lack of energy production and to have the same cost effectiveness as PV plants with south-orientation. This paper tries to show, how and if PV plants with east-west-orientation can be more profitable than PV plants with south-orientation. Therefore, the energy production was simulated for PV plants with an orientation to east-west and to south with different inclinations in a place with high irradiation (Freiburg) and a place with low irradiation (Hamburg). A calculation of profitability was made for each PV plant including energy production as well as ascertained costs. This are the main outcomes:

The profitability of PV plants with east-west-orientation is not better than the profitability of PV plants with south-orientation.

The profitability of PV plants with east-west-orientation is better than the one of PV plants with south-orientation when the costs of mounting systems are much lower for east-west mounting-systems than for mounting-systems with south-orientation and the costs of grid-connection and rent are high too.

The profitability of PV plants with east-west-orientation is higher in regions with low irradiation.

     

Research on the cost forecast of China's photovoltaic industry

Global energy and environmental problems are increasing in severity. Countries worldwide are more concerned about and are paying greater attention to strengthening their energy‐saving and emissions‐reduction efforts, protecting the environment and promoting the development of new energy. Solar energy is becoming the mainstream of the global power industry because of its significant resources and low cost. This paper provides an overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art of photovoltaic electricity technology (‘photovoltaic’ or PV) in China and addresses its potential for future cost reductions. This paper analyses the relationship between current renewable energy costs and cumulative production, development and demonstration expenditures, and other institutional influences. The theoretical framework of a learning curve offers a complete methodology for examining the underlying capital cost trajectory when developing electricity cost estimates used in energy policy planning models. The cumulative production needed to achieve ‘break‐even’ (the point at which PV is competitive with conventional alternatives) is estimated for a range of learning curve parameter values. The social cost (pollution costs and value‐added tax considered) of PV is calculated, and the question of whether and how the ‘cost cap’ can be bridged is posed, the latter being the difference between what this cumulative production will cost and what it would cost if it could be produced at a currently competitive level. We also estimate how much PV could gain if the external costs (attributable to environmental and health damage) of energy were internalised, such as through an energy tax. We use the simulated results to provide suggestions for relevant PV industrial policymaking.     

蓄能调温负荷与光伏的智能化互动运行策略

为了充分利用蓄能调温负荷的调节资源,节约调温负荷的用电成本,并有效消纳光伏电量,提出了"光伏+调温负荷"的智能化互动运行策略。首先,建立了基于户型参数和天气信息的房屋冷、热需求模型;其次,以运行成本最小为目标,结合光伏出力和用冷、用热需求,在优先使用谷电电量的原则下,提出蓄能负荷与光伏供用电互动逻辑和运行策略;第三,以全年天气数据为驱动,按互动逻辑关系进行了全年运行累积计算的年运行成本分析。结果表明,互动运行模式相比于光伏与蓄能调温负荷独立模式的运行成本有很大降幅,"光伏+调温负荷"策略有效解决了光伏消纳和调温负荷电费的问题。这不仅有利于减少环境污染,还能够实现政府与用户的双赢。     

薄弱配电网高比例分布式光伏并网消纳规划研究

为了解决薄弱电网高比例分布式光伏难以就地消纳问题,提出储能系统和需求侧响应运行策略,建立了计划接入总量下的高比例分布式光伏双层规划模型。以光伏最大消纳为目标函数,光伏安装位置与容量为优化变量,建立上层模型;以系统净负荷峰谷差期望值最小为目标函数,各时段电价为优化变量,建立下层模型。针对光伏随机出力与负荷的时序性,利用拉丁超立方抽样技术对其进行处理。在此基础上,采用概率潮流法与细胞膜粒子群优化算法相结合的混合智能算法对模型进行求解,并以河北省某贫困县光伏扶贫村网架结构为例进行算例分析。结果表明,解决方案在实现光伏接入容量最优配置的基础上,进一步提高了薄弱配电网分布式光伏的消纳能力。双层规划模型能够在很大程度上提高再生能源的利用率,可为配电网规划提供参考。     

Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Photovoltaik im deutschen Energiemix – Neudefinition des Ansatzes der Netzparität

Photovoltaics are one of the fastest growing energy sources in the world. Despite high costs and a limited energy yield, attractive support schemes particularly the German renewable energy law have paved the way for the strong market growth of this technology within the last decade. Here the question arises as to when photovoltaics will reach a competitive level in Germany without the support of subsidies. The prominent grid parity approach is simple and considered critical in this discussion. It is critical because of the different references regarding the costs of electricity generated by a newly installed PV system and the electricity price of private households, which consists of electricity generation, distribution, sales as well as taxes and duties on the one hand. On the other hand, there are different time references in the calculation of electricity generation costs and electricity prices of private households. Transferring the approach of Levelized Costs of Electricity (LCOE) to all power generation plants within the energy mix means a redefinition of the grid parity of photovoltaics will be carried out. Here the electricity generation costs of photovoltaics as well as the energy mix will be calculated in the same way. The LCOE calculation refers to the whole life cycle of every power generation plant. That is why a balance between the high investment costs of photovoltaics and the increasing operation costs of fossil fuelled power plants is made. It can be shown that the reaching of competitiveness of photovoltaics in Germany depends on structural changes in electricity generation and it is to be realized within the anticipated time frame until the year 2020.     

国外分布式发电发展情况分析及启示

介绍了国外分布式发电的情况,分析了几个典型国家发展分布式发电的情况、相关经验与政策措施。分布式发电可促进资源的节约利用,有利于环境保护;分布式电源的发展,有利于提高电网的供电安全;在我国现有电力系统发展的奈件下,适度发展分布式发电可提高电力系统的可靠性和灵活性。