Opmerkingen over de standaardafwijking van de constante term bij regressie-analyse

Some remarks on the standard error of the constant term in regression analysis.
In this article a formula for the standard error of the intercept — when applying least squares — is derived for the case of two explanatory variables. This is done without using matrix algebra. The result is compared with the corresponding formula in matrix algebra, after which a design for computation is indicated.     

Interne leveringen in de inzet-afzetanalyse

Summary
By applying this relation all results in the two definition systems can be translated into each other. In this note we will analyze some relationships between increments in gross and net production.
It turns out that in case the external delivery structure changes {the non-diagonal coefficients of A), relative increments in gross and net production are identical.
A further result is that neither relative nor absolute increments in gross and net production are identical in case of changes in the internal delivery structure {the diagonal coefficients of A).
The third result is that relative increments in gross and net production are identical in case of a change in final demand.
Input-output analysis can be set up in gross or net terms. In the first case the internal deliveries of a sector are included in the table, in the other case they are neglected. These two different approaches give rise to two different leontief matrices: A and D.
Stone determined a relation between the two matrix multipliers (I-A)^-1 and (I-D)^-1     

Een berekeningsmethode voor de logistische curve

Summary  " Simple estimation of the parameters of the logistic curve ."
By means of an appropriate transformation of the dependent variable Y _t into a simple function of Y _t, which depends only linearly on time, one of the parameters can be estimated in the usual way. A second transformation leads to the estimation of the two remaining parameters. As a numerical illustration two examples are presented.     

Een berekeningsmethode voor de logistische curve

Summary “Simple estimation of the parameters of the logistic curve.” By means of an appropriate transformation of the dependent variable Y_t into a simple function of Y_t, which depends only linearly on time, one of the parameters can be estimated in the usual way. A second transformation leads to the estimation of the two remaining parameters. As a numerical illustration two examples are presented.     

Het probleem van de ruïnering der spelers

The gambler's ruin.
When a single trial has two possible outcomes A and B, with probabilities p and q( p +q= 1), a succession of these trials forms a so-called Bernoulli chain. The well-known result for the probability of n times A and m times B is
In this article we consider the ruin problem, in which the initial capitals of the gamblers are a and b, respectively. In stead of a Bernoulli chain we then have a Markoff chain, with coefficients that are less simple than the ordinary binomial coefficients.
A more general expression (formula 1) is obtained for the probability distribution of the gambler's profit after a certain number of games, provided none of them became ruined beforehand. The probability for ruin after a certain number of games is a special case, similar to the results of Lagrange, Laplace and others, but appears in a form, more suitable for numerical calculations.
Some other results, obtained through the same method as developed in this paper are indicated.     

Over de spreiding bij het droge-stofonderzoek van brood

The accuracy of the determination of the amount of solids in bread.
Of a loaf with a nominal weight of 800 grams only about 480 grams remains after complete drying. This so-called 'amount of solids in bread' is regularly checked by samples. From a batch of loaves a group of at least 5. but usually more, are taken at random and weighed. From this group one is selected with a weight as nearly as possible equalling the average weight of the whole group; for two slices of this sample loaf the decrease in weight upon drying is determined in the laboratory, and is considered as representative for the entire batch.
The accuracy of these determinations is analysed on the basis of 35 samples which were investigated in 3 different laboratories. The standard error is estimated at 5 grams per loaf. The influence of various factors, such as the method of sampling which may be altered in many ways, is briefly considered, while in a final section the results obtained are discussed from a practical point of view.     

Rapports de propriété, ségrégation et pratiques de l'espace résidentiel

The aim of the authors is the theoretical reformulation of the question of segregation. In order to do this, they examine in turn psycho-sociological theories, morphological and semiological theories as well as theories of residential location. The authors show how all of these approaches can only define classificatory processes and propose an analysis beginning from those social relations which structure residential consumption; that is, relations of property in housing. Starting from a definition of segregation as a process of exclusive practices of residential space, the authors show how relations of residential property determine two types of segregation: one ‘by antagonism’, based on the valorization of property capital, and one ‘by incongruence’ based on conditions of real appropriation of housing.     

De bewerking van de resultaten van veldproeven door herleiding van de opbrengstcijfers in beide richtingen van het proefveld

Summary  (The treatment of the results of field experiments by reducing the yields in two directions)
Ir J. J. Dijkveld Stol has shown that good results have been obtained by reducing the yields of field experiments both in columns and in rows.
The mathematical foundation of this method is discussed in the preceding article and it is shown, that the method gives good results if the same supposition may be made as necessary for the application of the methods of Fisher, Knut Vik and the method of the differences.
The variance of Dijkveld Stol's method is identical with Fisher's error variance.     

Een steekproef ter vaststelling van de verdeling van de hoenderstapel

A sample estimate of the poultry distribution
In 1954 a sample survey was carried out of the returns of the agricultural census, May 1954, in order to establish the distribution of the number of holdings and the number of poultry, by size-group of arable land and by size-group of number of poultry. A simple 10 per cent, sample was planned and the expected variances of the numbers of poultry in each size-group were estimated beforehand. The method of estimation is indicated in this paper. This resulted in comparatively high relative errors in the size-groups above 500 hens and also in the size-groups of arable land. Therefore holdings with 500 hens and over were enumerated completely. Some tests were performed with the sample results and finally the efficiency of the stratification is discussed.     

Practische [berekening van de standaardafwijking van de constante term bij regressie-analyse

The formula arrived at in a previous article [1] is adapted to the usual computation schemes of regression analysis.     

Aantekeningen bij de herziening van de methodiek der prijsindexcijfers van het levensonderhoud

Momentarily (fall 196o) the Netherlands Central Bureau of Statistics is revising its price indexnumbers of family living. Some features of this revision are summarized below.
The old series is based on an expenditure pattern of 1951, whereas the new series will be calculated according to an expenditure pattern of 1959/'60. The latter data will be derived from a budget survey held among 250 households of manual and clerical workers consisting of 4 persons and grossing between four and eight thousand guilders a year (para. 6). The period covered was April 1959 till April i960.
The author indicates the way in which the varieties of the budget items to be covered by the monthly price surveys are chosen (para. 7). He discusses the principles and results of determining the number of price quotations (para. 8).
The choice of the municipalities in which price data will be collected is explained. An outline is given of the organisation of the new surveys apparatus (para. 14).     

A propos de la socialisation du travail domestique: l'analyse d'un village de vacances

Starting with the claim for 'collective equipment' put forward by certain groups of the women's liberation movement, the author studies the case of a holiday village, in so far as it is a point of socialization of domestic tasks under the ægis of organizations for social tourism, in a situation where it reproduces the particular labour force constituted by holidays with pay. The first part shows the production process of the collective equipment of a holiday village, in a plan for the urbanization of the Languedoc and Roussillon coastline, and the contradictions which arise from the respective strategies of the central state and of organizations of the workers' movement. More precisely, the solution to these contradictions situates the holiday village in a commodity logic. The second part exemplifies cases where domestic work hides the true nature of the man-woman relation. One must therefore rediscover and reveal it. It will then be possible to question a production process organized around the sexual division and depreciation of women's role.     

De invloed van de keuze der gewichten op de hoogte van een gewogen indexcijfer

The influence of the choice of the weights on the value of an indexnumber.
Price and quantity indexnumbers are weighted averages of groups of price and quantity ratios and they are convenient instruments to indicate the general tendency of such groups, especially if the number of basic ratios is considerable. The frequent use of indexnumbers is due to the fact that they can often be applied to problems for which, strictly speaking, an indexnumber had to be used derived from the same group of ratios but based on a different set of weights.
Two typical examples of such problems are given.
The use of a set of weights differing from the appropriate one is only justified, however, when the indexnumber is rather insensitive to changes in the set of weights. A simple formula is derived showing that the relative change of an index-number due to a change in the set of weights is equal to the product of the (weighted) coefficient of variation of the basic ratios, the (weighted) standard deviation of the relative changes of the weights and the (weighted) coefficient of correlation of the ratios and of the relative changes. The system of weights used in the calculation of these three factors is the same and is equal to the set of true weights belonging to the problem under consideration.
The practical use of the formula is demonstrated at the problem of index-numbers of costs frequently encountered in the practice of cost accounting.     

Toespraak door de directeur van de Stichting "Kwaliteitsdienst voor de Industrie"

Adress of the Director of the Foundation Industrial Quality Service.
The increasing of productivity also has an important qualitative aspect, To promote the qualitative increase of productivity the "Kwaliteitsdienst voor de Industrie" (Industrial Quality Service) wants to organize courses through which the statistical quality control methods can for each separate branch of industry be made available to those who are able to apply these methods, but who cannot spare the time and the energy required to take fully note of the mathematical and statistical backgrounds.     

Het matchen in de psychologie

Matching in Psychology
In experimental psychology the matching method seems to be one of the most promising methods. This paper deals with the matching of a series of t elements against a series of t other elements. The stated null hypothesis is: for a fixed order of one of the series each permutation of the second series has the same probability.
As a test criterion in the case of one matching is defined: the number r of matches, e.g. the number of "right pairs"; for n matchings: .
As the distribution of for t=3 cannot be found in literature, a table of is given for n=I(I)30: see table I. The way of calculating and verifying is discussed.
For the problem of t=3 and n 31 the degree of approximation by the normal distribution and by the Pearson's Type III distributions is examined. With the application of a correction for continuity the former gives for n=30 a reasonable approximation, the latter a very good approximation: see table 2.     

Kwantificering in de sociologie

Ensuing the recognition of indirect measurement of so-called non-measurable data in sociological research, many kinds of indices and scales have been constructed in order to grasp the essence of complex reality. Especially in the realm of attitude research the use of e.g. the GUTTMAN scale has been fruitful. Notwithstanding many critical remarks, new developments in scaling theory and scaling techniques warrant an optimistic view of sociology as an exact empirical science. More than up to now statistical thinking and methods will have to play a part in this development.     

La igualdad de género y la gobernanza de las cadenas de valor mundiales. Promoción de los derechos de las trabajadoras

La gobernanza privada, canalizada por conducto de programas de cumplimiento social e iniciativas de las empresas multinacionales en favor de la igualdad de género, no basta por sí sola para poner coto a la discriminación por razón de género en las cadenas de valor mundiales (CVM). Los Principios Rectores de las Naciones Unidas sobre las empresas y los derechos humanos (en adelante, Principios Rectores) proporcionan un marco que conjuga la gobernanza pública y la gobernanza privada a fin de abordar los derechos humanos en su globalidad, con inclusión de la igualdad de género. En el presente artículo se analiza si tales principios pueden ofrecer un marco de gobernanza más eficaz para atender los derechos de las trabajadoras en las CVM. Se sostiene que para poner fin a la discriminación por razón de género en las CVM y promover el ejercicio de la debida diligencia en materia de derechos humanos con una perspectiva de género es indispensable recurrir a una gobernanza en la que se articulen, en colaboración sinérgica, las entidades públicas, privadas y sociales.     

Propuesta de indicadores SMARTER de trabajo decente para la agenda de desarrollo posterior a 2015

Los indicadores actuales de los ODM sobre empleo presentan deficiencias importantes, como problemas de medición, uso inadecuado de estadísticas agregadas, ambigüedad interpretativa y supuestos de base no aplicables a los países en desarrollo. Tratando de superar estos problemas, los autores proponen cuatro nuevos indicadores de empleo productivo y trabajo decente: el crecimiento de la contribución del trabajo al valor añadido por trabajador, la tasa de trabajadores pobres y los porcentajes de trabajadores que ganan menos de un ingreso laboral mínimo absoluto y relativo (el 60 por ciento de la mediana del ingreso laboral). Aplican empíricamente estos indicadores a los casos de Uganda y Perú.     

Maxima voor de eenzijdige overschrijdingskans en voor de grootte van de gemiddelde overschrijding bij discontinue en continue, eentoppige verdelingen

The well-known inequality of Bienaymé-Tschébyschef (for short B-T), generalized by Camp and Meidell (for short C-M) for continuous, unimodal distributions gives specific limits for total probabilities outside the ± to limits.
In many cases however, especially in the field of industrial applications we are interested only in the probability of one tail of the distribution, which of course must be smaller than the limits given by the B-T and C-M formula.
For these cases the maximum probability of surpassing the to limit on one side equals under B-T conditions and under C-M conditions instead of the two-sided values of 1/t² and 47/9 · 1/t² respectively (cf e.g. Uspensky: "Introduction to mathematical probability", 1937, p. 198) These results set upper limits for the value of

Alternatively we may also set an upper limit for the integral

which measures in terms of σ the average amount by which the limit + tσ is exceeded. This problem is also discussed and under C-M conditions an upper limit

is derived.
Some practical applications of these results are considered.     

Een noodzakelijke correctie van de overschrijdingsgrenzen voor steekproefgemiddelden bij toepassing van stratified sampling

Summary  (A necessary correction of the control chart limits for averages of samples in the case of stratified sampling).
Application of stratified sampling results in smaller fluctuations of sampling than where the same total number of individuals is drawn at random from the superposed strata.
The proportion of the standard errors of the averages obtained by these two sampling methods may be expressed by a factor φ (o ≤φ≤ 1). The probability limits, between which the random sampling results would be fluctuating normally, should be corrected according to this factor.
A few properties of φ are discussed. This is graphically illustrated. Remarks have been added about the relation between the shape of the population of the sampling averages and the population from which the individuals are drawn, and about the difficulties which arise when the populations are non-Gaussian.