Henry George's Labor Theory of Value: He Saw the Entrepreneurs and Workers as Employers of Capital and Land, and Not the Reverse

A bstract . Henry George , the 19th century American economist and social philosopher , saw the problem of protecting the working peoples' wages and Jobs one of distributive justice. He attacked as fallacious the idea that equality of opportunity to work was a "privilege" accorded to labor. The protectionist system , he held, was based on the antidemocratic notion that "the many are called to serve and the few to rule." The paternalism of protection, whether in the domestic or the world economy , is "the pretense of tyranny," he argued. He holds that labor, including workers and entrepreneurs, and not landholders, or owners of capital, is the source of all economic value. Labor, he reasoned, "employs capital," and not the reverse. George's theory of value was an improvement on Adam Smith's , putting into it a greater emphasis on the importance of land in the analysis of the distribution of wealth. But it was a production cost theory, with all its problems and advantages.     

The Talmudic Doctrine of "The Benefit of a Pleasure": Psychological Well-Being in Talmudic Literature

A bstract .   In this article, we attempt to analyze the Talmudic notion of well-being in the light of modern hedonic psychology. First, we examine the thoughts of Hebrew "wisdom" and Greek " sophia " concerning the phenomenon of happiness. We then discuss the Talmudic doctrine of "optimality," a concept similar to that of the Pareto improvement. This is followed by a discourse deemed to be of extraordinary significance—the idea of "mutual benefit," which may be described as "super optimum." Thereafter, the doctrine of the "Benefit of a Pleasure" is demonstrated to be a "pleasure-measure" of reciprocal and nonreciprocal happiness. Finally, it is argued, that although Plato, according to Professor Lowry, detailed precise "trade-offs" between degrees of pleasure, pain, and time, it was applied to "moral values" only, whereas the Talmudists posited the existence of a "psychoeconomic" category, in which pleasure itself is equated with money.     

Stealth Leadership Influences the Culture of Innovation

Just as action speaks louder than words, stealth leadership achieves results, not rhetoric. Twenty‐first century thought leaders value transparency, return on investment, and sustainability. Stealth leadership operationalizes these concepts by shifting the focus from subjective personality to objective performance. In the spirit of disruptive innovation, stealth leadership substitutes simplicity for complexity.     

Protecting Family and Race

A bstract    American economics came of age during the Progressive Era, a time when biological approaches to economic reform were at their high-water mark. Reform-minded economists argued that the labor force should be rid of unfit workers—whom they labeled "unemployables,""parasites," and the "industrial residuum"—so as to uplift superior, deserving workers. Women were also frequently classified as unemployable. Leading progressives, including women at the forefront of labor reform, justified exclusionary labor legislation for women on grounds that it would (1) protect the biologically weaker sex from the hazards of market work; (2) protect working women from the temptation of prostitution; (3) protect male heads of household from the economic competition of women; and (4) ensure that women could better carry out their eugenic duties as "mothers of the race." What united these heterogeneous rationales was the reformers' aim of discouraging women's labor-force participation.     

A model for demographic mobility analysis under patterns of efficient employment

Conclusions The primary objective of this paper has been to provide a broadened framework for combining economic and demographic planning in a way which is also consistent with planning and accounting models developed and employed by both demographers and economists. In addition we also want to have this same framework available for extension to other types of multi-dimensional social-economic planning possibilities. One set of such examples may be found in the work by Stone [28], Wilson and Rees [34] and the United Nations' current program for developing systems of social and demographic accounts for possible use in new and improved approaches to country development planning. Another example, which, though broader, is also somewhat more theoretical may be found in [25] where explixit use is made of the E matrix for linking economic and demographic dimensions in planning applications.In this paper we have focused on Leontief-type analyses, extended to provide demographic linkages, because we want to adapt some of the sharper concepts of economics (e.g., Pareto optimality) to provide additional assistance for guiding and coordinating eco-demographic planning interactions. To be sure, such concepts are of interest in their own right, as when, say, an improvement in conditions for fulfilling career aspirations may cause a wrosening in one or more components of final demand. They are also of interest for other reasons as well. In particular they are of interest as an alternative to only empirical extrapolations or predictions for long range plans especially when, as we show here, they can yield relatively stable guides for longer range plans.The idea, of course, is to utilize these stable patterns in relatively flexible ways and not for the purpose of only imposing a supposedly coherent regimen on all subsequent activities in an economy-or other such social unit. This means that some idea of the significance of these guidelines and their potential alterations must also be available. It is to this end that our kind of theoretical underpinning is supplied. On the one hand, it provides access to a well thought over body of concepts, e.g., from the main body of welfare economics. On the other hand, it supplies access to manipulative and computational power which is readily available from demographic as well as economic analysis in ways that can be readily implemented via modern electronic computational facilities, etc.Other extensions are also in order, of course, and may be effected via stochastic formulations to deal with items like labor turnover and considerations of inter-sectoral and occupational mobility and employment. Growth and other phenomena which relate to demographic as well as economic dimensions will also need to be essayed but these are best left aside for subsequent treatments which can consider them separately with more explicit attention to other quality of life dimensions to which they are evidently related²⁵.     

价值创造型企业的构建——二十一世纪企业价值创新战略的必然选择

随着知识经济的到来和经济全球化趋势的日益加剧 ,企业所处的市场环境发生了复杂而又深刻的变化 ,管理领域的理论创新和实践变革层出不穷 ,可谓“百花齐放 ,百家争鸣”。本文从全面分析价值创造型企业的含义入手 ,着重阐述了二十一世纪价值创新的战略特征及其客观要求 ,并以价值创造型企业的理念对海尔的管理创新进行了深入探讨 ,指出价值创造型企业的构建是二十一世纪价值创新战略的必然选择。     

Social Anthropology in Economic Literature at the End of the 19th Century: Eugenic and Racial Explanations of Inequality

A bstract .   At the end of the 19^th century, Georges Vacher de Lapouge and Otto Ammon founded a school of thought denominated "social anthropology" or "anthropo-sociology," aimed at placing racism on a scientific basis. Their intent was to create a new discipline into which the themes of biological heredity, natural selection, social stratification, and political organization were to converge. This paper intends to demonstrate the wide resonance that anthroposociology had in the economic literature, analyzing the thought of authors such as Carlos C. Closson, Vilfredo Pareto, and Thorstein Veblen. A particular focus will be on the racial and eugenic arguments used as explanation of social and economic inequality.     

Henry George

A bstract . It is contended in Part I that Henry George should be recognized as an original American social theorist. He was a pioneering postmodern contributor to social theory who criticized the linear idea of progress and anticipated Durkheim's concept of the "collective consciousness," He recognized the fateful consequences of the separation of political economy into "economics" and "sociology." These include the loss of moral considerations from political economy , and the rise of a sociology that culminates in the proliferation of meaningless abstractions because it is premised on amoral economic assumptions. His theory' of speculative land value as the cause of civilizations' decline is recapitulated and shown in a larger context. The congruence between George's and Weber's concerns and conceptions is detailed. Part 11 (in the April 1995 issue) concludes by tracing the tragic consequences for modern American social theory, from Spencer to Parsons , that result from confusing the value of commodities with the value of land, of private wealth with social value.     

浅议经济和谐绿色持续发展模式--循环经济

20世纪60年代,美国经济学家鲍尔丁提出“宇宙飞船理论”,被认为循环经济的早期思想萌芽。进入90年代经济发展状况日益恶化,资源、环境问题日益严重,发展逐渐进入一个误区。如何走出这个误区实现经济的和谐持续长期发展,循环经济得到重视。本文旨在分析这一模式的内涵实质及我国循环经济发展存在的问题,提出发展循环经济的对策,为实现经济的循环持续发展提供一些参考。     

透明胶纸座的创新设计

在新世纪的中国,创新性是我国经济转型的重中之重,而创新设计是实现创新性的关键。创新过程其实与创新构思的产生到实现利用,是我国发展新型高新技术型经济的关键,集中密集型经济模式已经不能符合本国情。在整个创新理念产生阶段,要到实践中去考察,以发现创新理念是否实用,在现实中加强、丰富;在创新性得到证实后就是创新过程中另一阶段,在次阶段,使用三维设计软件,来实行虚拟概念到虚拟图像的转化,最后通过三维设计软件Pro/E实现图形绘制。     

关于颜之推教育思想的现代性思考

近些年来,在我国,由于生活压力、工作条件等外在因素的影响,"养而不教"的问题比较突出,家长思想上的忽视更是导致家庭中学前教育的不当或缺失的主观原因。本文结合现代教育思想,分析挖掘处出颜之推在《颜氏家训》中的有关家庭教育及学前教育的基本思想及见解,以供参考。     

Francois Quesnay: Interpreters and Critics Revisited

A bstract . Francois Quesnay is held by many to be the first truly modern economist. In 1750, Quesnay outlined a framework for input-output analysis , perfected by Leontiefin 1930's; he developed a general equilibrium theory perfected in the 20th century by Walras and Keynes ; and Quesnay was among the first to analyse economic growth theory as a function of capital accumulation. As the main representative of the Physiocrats he proclaimed the libertarian motto of laissez faire. But his "libertarian ideas" were quite limited to domestic agricultural trade. The Physiocrats were tied with the aristocratic and autocratic "ancien regime" and Quesnay himself did not promote individual freedom and abhorred class struggle. By proclaiming "laissez faire la nature," the physiocrats believed in the natural order of things, with governments enforcing this natural order. In this order, agriculture is the source of all wealth and everything else is sterile: agricultural development means economic development. The physiocratic philosophy contributed to the 18th century "enlightenment" from the outside; it was too tied with the past to induce radical changes. The Physiocrats were forerunners of much of the economic theory and tools used today; but the economics system they envisioned was not meant to widen welfare or economic freedom.     

回归价值原态：“劳动价值论”之争的哲学解决

“劳动价值论”在马克思批判资本主义制度时才有其“政治意义”,置放于现代社会主义社会中,其“政治意义”自然消解。而从哲学的立场或用哲学的思维和方法来解决关于“劳动价值论”的纷争,就会正好看到:“价值”的真实形态本来就是“使用价值”,“劳动”的真实形态本来就是“具体劳动”。因而,所谓“使用价值和抽象价值”、“具体劳动和抽象劳动”在其经济意义上就成为了“假问题”,而围绕“假问题”的所有争论将毫无意义。哲学视域中的“劳动价值论”要着力表明的结论是:所有参与创造“使用价值”的“要素”在价值财富的创造和分配中都具有公平的地位;所有参与“具体劳动”的“要素”在劳动财富的创造和分配中都具有公平的地位。新的经济制度应在此意义上而创新。     

The dimension,nature and distribution of economic insecurity in European countries: A multidimensional approach

Economic insecurity is a key well-being outcome because the anticipation of future economic distress reveals itself as a true threat to current well-being. Insecurity has been shown to affect quality of life and to change an individual’s consumption, fertility, labor supply and even political support decisions to mitigate risk. This paper provides evidence on the dimension, nature and distribution of economic insecurity for 27 European countries during a whole decade by using a multidimensional individual approach that considers both objective and subjective indicators. The young, the less educated and the unemployed living in households with dependent children have significantly higher levels of economic insecurity everywhere. However, insecurity affects the population in the middle class only in some countries but not in others, and the level of insecurity in liberal regimes is more linked to large income losses than elsewhere. The role of objective versus subjective dimensions is larger in post-transition Eastern European regimes than in long-standing capitalist countries.     

论空想社会主义者的和谐社会构想

19世纪空想社会主义者的未来社会构建模式中,和谐社会成为了一个共同的价值追求。傅立叶(CharlesFourier)把他的理想社会制度叫做“和谐制度”,欧文(RobertOwen)把他在美国的共产主义实验称作“新和谐公社”,魏特林(WilhelmWeitling)写下了《和谐与自由的保证》。本文分析空想社会主义和谐社会思想提出的历史背景,概括空想社会主义和谐社会构想的主要内容,着重考察欧文的“新和谐公社”实践,探讨欧文的“新和谐公社”思想和实践的实质和特征及其对我们构建社会主义和谐社会的意义。     

转型期的中国城市发展与地方政府企业化

改革开放以来,随着中国社会、经济、政治等方面的剧烈变迁,我国地方政府的行为模式发生了深刻的变化,并对城市发展产生了深远的影响.结合国外地方政府转型研究和中国的政治、经济、社会背景,提出了"地方政府企业化"的概念,以指代现阶段中国地方政府在转型中普遍表现出的以追求经济利益为目标的行为模式.并将之与企业化政府、企业家城市、城市经营、城市管治等概念进行辨析.最后通过与西方地方政府转型的比较,分析了中国地方政府企业化的主要特征.     

西部公共资源招标拍卖监管的规制

加入WTO与西部大开发的深入使西部公共资源招标拍卖监管的改革不可避免.面对维护民族经济利益与兼顾WTO规则、"超国民待遇"和"非国民待遇"并存、程序不规范、土地规划科学性不足和腐败滋生等监管中的问题,提出以政府职能转型为监管更新契机,以土地资本和地域空间为监管核心,以城市管理为监管重点,以遏制腐败行为为监管保障.     

Henry George and Europe

A bstract . In the eyes of European scholars, publicists and politicians who studied Henry George's work, he, as a social philosopher , had adopted the position of the natural law philosophers of the 18th century. The latter inspired the Declaration of Independence, the U.S. Constitution and its Bill of Rights, as well as the poiitical philosophy of Jeffersonian democracy , the ethos of the 18th and 19th century pioneer settlers. George rejected Social Darwinism. He saw natural law as the only true and reliable basis for a just social order. Like Karl Marx he mastered Ricardian economics ; unlike Marx, George made two factors the basis of his system, labor and land. George saw that each person had a natural right —and a natural imperative for survival —to apply his or her productive capacity to the earth –as living space and as storehouse of nutrients and raw materials. The person-land relationship , he discovered, lay at the basis of human culture. And so the land's rent , now monopolized by the few, had to be appropriated to meet the needs of society, most efficiently and justly by a land value tax.     

Leonhard Miksch (1901–1950)

A bstract    German economist Leonhard Miksch's ideas on ordoliberalism have so far received little attention in the history of economic thought. This is surprising, as Miksch provides insights into the debates within the so-called "Freiburg School of Law and Economics" in its early phase and, moreover, gave impulses that were essential to the further development of this economic approach. In addition, as a close advisor to Ludwig Erhard, the "political father" of the German "Social Market Economy," his influence on German postwar economic policy was considerable.     

管理主义视角下的中国劳动关系构建方向

随着我国社会主义市场经济体制的建立和完善,多种所有制经济的发展,劳动关系日益成为一种重要的经济关系。劳动关系的和谐,稳定对提高企业生产效率,增强企业竞争力起着重要作用。本文试图从管理主义理论来说西方劳动关系理论对中国劳动关系理论建构的借鉴意义。