中美经济脱钩了吗

结合中美两国1992q2-2015q1季度GDP(SA)数据,应用DCC-GARCH和VAR方法实证考察中美经济脱钩问题。研究发现,中美经济并没有脱钩,而是处于全球生产分工网络价值链的不同阶段;美国经济波动对中美经济周期联动性的影响要显著大于中国,美国经济仍是中美经济关系主导;理论上,中美经济周期关联性传导渠道可能有三种:一是国际贸易渠道通过直接效应与滞后效应从正反两个方向产生作用,二是国际金融资本市场因其充分的流动性成为中美经济周期联动性的重要载体,三是全球产业分工渠道通过产业梯度与反梯度转移、离岸外包与逆向外包产生周期关联。本文试图对当下脱钩问题进行一定程度的拓展和深化,并以详实的数据有力的驳斥了"中国是国际经济波动之源头"的论调。     

开放经济条件下中国贸易部门价格形成特征研究

本文首先考察了中国对外贸易依存度和国际贸易份额的历史变化,显示了中国经济迅速融入全球经济,并可能在一定程度上影响国际价格形成的初步证据;接下来我们考察了中国贸易品价格在年度和月度频率上与美国生产资料价格同步波动的证据,并对比了在1996年之前中美两国生产资料价格互不相关的证据;我们还考察了浮动汇率下国际贸易品价格同步的证据,分离和估算了汇率波动对这种同步性的影响;最后我们使用中国和国际经济波动、石油价格和美元汇率等因素解释了中国贸易品价格的历史波动,确认中国需求波动的确在一定程度上影响国际价格形成,其边际影响力远大于中国GDP占全球GDP的比重所暗示的程度,并讨论了产生这种结果的可能原因。     

中美经济周期错配原因探析

本文通过对1978年至2016年中国和美国经济周期的比较研究发现,中国与美国经济周期不仅时间上不同步,出现错配,而且经济波动的特点也不相同,中国是“决起缓落型”,美国是“缓起快落型”.中美经济周期错配的主要原因是中美两国政府和市场在经济活动的作用不同所致.中国和美国经济周期错配,对中国经济发展的影响是有利有弊.中国政府一定要认真把握中国与美国经济周期错配的特点,根据中美经济发展的现实,制定相应的反经济周期和促进经济发展的政策.     

中美流动性传导机制研究:1999-2009年

次贷危机爆发后,关于美国流动性对全球流动性,尤其是新兴国家流动性影响的研究逐渐成为焦点,而对中美两国流动性传导机制的研究则相对较少.本文通过构造超额货币比率来反映中美两国流动性状况,并采用VAR模型对中美两国流动性传导机制研究.研究显示,总体而言,美国流动性是中国流动性变化的单向Granger原因,但是在次贷危机期间,中美两国流动性却具有双向Granger因果关系,这也表明流动性的偶发性传导机制与非偶发性传导机制同时存在于中美两国之间.     

中美两国经济周期协动性分析

美国是世界第一大经济体也是中国的第一大贸易国,其国内的经济波动对中国经济的发展有着重要的影响。通过HP滤波法并使用1978—2009年度数据以及2008—2010年季度数据对中美两国经济周期波动的协动性研究后发现,中美经济周期协动程度随周期变动且呈现出明显的增强趋势,中国经济增长潜力高于美国且经济波动幅度逐渐减小。为此,应加强对美国经济周期波动的预测与中国货币政策制定、施行时机的把握,从而做到提前反周期操作。     

中美利率与汇率之间的联动关系研究

在归纳利率与汇率的联动机理和理论关系的基础上,文章采用计量经济方法对中美利率和汇率关系进行实证研究,结果发现:中美利率与汇率之间的关系呈现出多样化的态势;美国利率对汇率的传导效果要高于中国利率;中美利率对汇率的影响要大于汇率对中美利率的影响,指出中国的利率市场化的改革、人民币汇率形成机制的完善以及金融市场间的传导建设仍需深入。     

中国经济波动的形成机制和模式

<正> 一、经济波动的内在传导机制与外在冲击机制认识中国经济波动的形成机制,必须区分内在传导机制和外在冲击机制,因为经济波动究竟主要源于外在冲击还是内在传导,不仅具有分析价值,而且还关系到经济政策的制订。     

中国经济增长对美国经济的依存性分析

国际经济学的一般理论认为,随着一国对外依存度的提高,该国经济增长受世界经济波动的影响将日益加大。然而,2000年以来,中国经济在对外依存度不断提高的同时,却一直在世界经济不景气和美国经济持续低迷的状态中保持强劲增长。本文试图从中美贸易和投资两个方面,分析中国经济增长与美国经济波动的相关性。     

金融发展与内生经济波动

开放经济中,金融发展在促进经济增长的同时,也把影响经济波动的国际因素传导到了国内。而这种负面影响在金融发展理论中却被忽略了,正因为如此,许多发展中国家出现了超越其经济发展水平的“过度金融发展”问题。金融深化可以促进金融市场发展和金融中介机构的发展,通过资产组合、财富效应、国际资本借贷把国外影响经济波动的效应传导至国内;另外,金融发展还可通过促进国际贸易的发展而传导外部影响。对样本国家进行分析的结果证实金融发展的确导致经济波动内生化。     

"双循环"背景下消费者信心对实体经济的影响——基于VAR模型的分析

消费者信心对一国实体经济的发展具有重要的作用.基于中美两国的消费者信心指数和中国的宏观经济数据,利用向量自回归模型对封闭经济和开放经济两种情形下消费者信心传导机制进行研究.结果显示:在封闭经济的情形下,消费者信心会显著影响国内实体经济的发展,对消费、产出、股票市场、利率水平和失业率带来不同程度的冲击;在开放经济的情形下,中国的消费者信心对美国的消费者信心变化具有一定的预期能力.我国经济发展具备一定"内循环"的独立性,对"外循环"的依赖性逐步下降.后疫情时代应注重国内消费升级,同时关注国际市场信心动向,防范"外循环"可能带来的风险.     

资本账户开放与国际金融冲击的传导——基于DSGE模型的分析

本文在动态随机一般均衡的框架下,建立了一个包括贸易部门和非贸易部门的小型开放经济模型,系统研究和比较资本管制与资本账户开放两种情况下,国外金融冲击、出口需求冲击对中国经济的不同影响和传导机制,并检验资本账户开放情形下应对国际冲击时不同货币政策规则的有效性。结果发现：当资本账户开放时,一国受到国外冲击的波动幅度远大于资本管制的情况;资本管制和资本账户开放对国际金融冲击传导机制的关键差异在于贸易部门与非贸易部门的互动关系,具体表现为劳动力转移的差异;在资本账户开放后,面对不同形式的国际冲击,货币数量型规则和混合型规则均能有效熨平经济波动。     

Economic interdependence among the EEC countries: An unconventional view

Economic theory suggests that increasing trade between integrating countries involves similar changes of key variables such as the main targets and instruments of economic policy. Empirical models built at various universities and research institutes show that economic fluctuations are almost not transmitted between countries.In this paper, the authors show that increased interdependence does not necessarily induce stronger transmission of economic fluctuations. This conclusion is drawn from both theory and actual data.     

外贸对经济增长的影响分析:理论与经验模型验证

国际贸易理论的核心问题是探究贸易利益的产生及其分配,国际贸易与经济增长具有密切联系。理论分析和经验证据均表明,一国外贸规模对经济增长有着重要作用,对外贸易的变动往往成为决定一国经济增长趋势的关键因素。文章从理论和经验模型上对我国近10多年来外贸和经济增长的关系给出了相关的实证检验,旨在探讨并揭示国际贸易促进经济增长的内在机制。     

France in the global economy: a structural approximate dynamic factor model analysis

This study identifies the main shocks that cause fluctuations in French output and their channels of transmission. It uses a large-dimensional structural approximate dynamic factor model. There are three main findings. First, common shocks, especially demand shocks, which seem to originate from the U.S., play an important role in explaining French economic activity. While international trade, relative prices, and foreign direct investment (FDI) flows are the main channels of transmission, the stock market, consumer confidence, and interest rates also matter. Second, France’s integration with the rest of the world has increased over time. Third, there is some tentative evidence of regional components in explaining French output fluctuations; country-specific components also contribute. The predominance of exogenous factors affecting French output, the asymmetry in the transmission of shocks, and France’s participation in a currency area argue for making French goods, services, and labor markets as flexible as possible.     

人民币汇率双向波动对中国及世界经济的影响--基于单一国家和多国的动态 CGE 模型

随着人民币国际化进程的加快,人民币汇率波动的国际效应进一步加强。文章分别建立了单一国家和多国的动态 CGE 模型,基于最新的全球贸易分析计划(GTAP )数据库和中国2012年投入产出表,分别模拟了2016－2030年人民币持续贬值和先贬值后升值的两种情景,并从物价水平、国际贸易、经济总量、行业产出等多个方面分析了人民币汇率变动对中国及世界主要经济体的影响。研究发现：(1)在价格指数方面,人民币贬值将给中国带来一定的通货膨胀压力;(2)在贸易方面,人民币贬值只能在短期内扩大中国的净出口,但在远期反而会导致净出口下降;(3)在经济总量方面,人民币贬值只在开始阶段的短期内能促进中国经济增长,而长期贬值将导致中国经济增长速度放缓;(4)在产业结构方面,中国的农业和工业在贬值情景下的产量呈现先升后降的趋势,而服务业的产量持续下降。总之,两种情景均不利于中国经济的长远发展;相反,东盟、日本和美国等世界主要经济体将从中长期受益。因此,中国政府应当制定若干针对性的政策措施,加强预期管理,实施差别化的外贸政策,加强多方合作,积极应对国际汇率波动带来的风险。     

The long term impact of economic development in developed countries on developing countries since 1820

The linkages between the economic development of developed and developing countries are analyzed historically. The analysis is divided into epochs, distinguished by global trade regimes and by common characteristics of long term economic growth. The break throughs in long distance transport technology which occured during the industrial revolution created a global economy in which the rythm of economic activity in developing economies became linked to that of developed economies. The major transmission mechanisms were international trade, international migration and international capital flows. Exports were the main engine of growth in developing countries. But the effects of export expansion varied across countries. The speed of transmission of the industrial revolution to developing countries depended on their institutional readiness; countries with most developed capitalist institutions in factor markets were the first to develop. The extent of diffusion of the benefits of growth from export expansion within developing countries also depended on the nature of their institutions, both economic and political. Finally, policies with respect to international trade, investment and agriculture were also critical to the speed and diffusion of economic development.The research underlying this paper is the result of a twentyfive year collaboration with Professor Cynthia Taft Morris. She is indebted to the World Bank for financing the research in this paper as part of the background studies for the World Development Report 1991. She is also indebted to Sherman Robinson for his comments.     

Global banking and international business cycles

This paper incorporates a global bank into a two-country business cycle model. The bank collects deposits from households and makes loans to entrepreneurs, in both countries. It has to finance a fraction of loans using equity. We investigate how such a bank capital requirement affects the international transmission of productivity and loan default shocks. Three findings emerge. First, the bank's capital requirement has little effect on the international transmission of productivity shocks. Second, the contribution of loan default shocks to business cycle fluctuations is negligible under normal economic conditions. Third, an exceptionally large loan loss originating in one country induces a sizeable and simultaneous decline in economic activity in both countries. This is particularly noteworthy, as the 2007–09 global financial crisis was characterized by large credit losses in the US and a simultaneous sharp output reduction in the US and the Euro Area. Our results thus suggest that global banks may have played an important role in the international transmission of the crisis.     

Productivity Shocks and Monetary Policy in a Two-Country Model

In this paper, we examine the effects of foreign productivity shocks on monetary policy in a symmetric open economy. Our two-country model incorporates the New Keynesian features of price stickiness and monopolistic competition based on the cost channel of Ravenna and Walsh (2006). In particular, in response to asymmetric productivity shocks, firms in one country achieve a more efficient level of production than those in another economy. Because the terms of trade are directly affected by changes in both economies’ output levels, international trade creates a transmission channel for inflation dynamics in which a deflationary spiral in foreign producer prices reduces domestic output. When there is a decline in economic activity, the monetary authority should react to this adverse situation by lowering the key interest rate. The impulse response function from the model shows that a productivity shock can cause a real depreciation of the exchange rate when economies are closely integrated through international trade.     

头程运费、国际贸易与经济增长-来自中国120个城市的经验证据

本文首次使用头程运费刻画国内不同地区面临的进出口阻力,考察内生国际贸易与经济绩效的关系。IV结果表明OLS并没有高估国际贸易对中国经济增长的贡献,一旦控制了国际贸易,沿海地区并没有表现出更为出色的经济绩效;若国际贸易量提高1%,那么该地区人均GDP可望增长0.19%—0.22%。工具变量通过了严格的相关性和外生性检验,子样本敏感分析和控制变量方法保障了结论的稳健性。     

Granger causality tests among openness to international trade,human capital accumulation and economic growth in China: 1952–1999

Abstract

This study examines Granger causality among openness to international trade, human capital accumulation and economic growth in China using time series data over the period from 1952 to 1999 and a sub-period, i.e. a period from 1978 to 1999. For the 1952–1999 period, economic growth is found to Granger cause human capital accumulation and not vice versa. For the 1978–1999 period, economic growth and openness to international trade, economic growth and human capital accumulation, and human capital accumulation and openness to international trade are found to have bidirectional Granger causality, respectively. Thus, there is a dynamic relationship among openness to international trade, human capital accumulation and economic growth. The experience of economic reform in China could be an example to other developing countries.