Entrepreneurship and Liquidity Constraints: Evidence from Sweden

Hurst and Lusardi (2004) use a specification with higher‐order polynomials to estimate the relationship between wealth and entrepreneurship. They find evidence against the existence of extensive liquidity constraints in the United States. In this paper, their approach is replicated on Swedish data. A positive relationship between wealth and entrepreneurship is found, which supports the liquidity constraints hypothesis. Alternative methods for handling the endogeneity problem and distinguishing between absolute decreasing risk aversion and liquidity constraints lend further support to the hypothesis. The analysis suggests that there exist liquidity constraints in Sweden, which are possibly more extensive than in the United States.     

Self-employment,financial development,and well-being: Evidence from China,Russia, and Ukraine

This study investigates the association between financial development and entrepreneurs’ well-being in China, Ukraine, and Russia. We find that Chinese and Russian entrepreneurs have a higher level of well-being, while Ukrainian self-employed individuals have more dissatisfaction. The link between financial development and the utility of entrepreneurs varies as well. The utility differences between the self-employed and paid workers in Russia reduce with financial development and the effect is stronger for job satisfaction. However, financial development barely correlates with Ukrainian entrepreneurs’ happiness while having no correlation with life satisfaction of Chinese self-employed. Further investigation suggests that the financial development – entrepreneurial utility association works through both monetary and non-monetary channels.     

境外上市对融资约束的影响——基于H股公司的经验证据

中国企业境外上市日益成为金融界一个倍受瞩目的现象,其动因问题也一直为理论界所关注.通过以2000-2003年间在香港上市的H股公司为样本来检验境外上市对公司融资约束的影响,我们发现上市后公司投资对内部现金流的敏感程度下降,说明境外上市有利于放松公司的融资约束.通过对匹配A股的公司投资对内部现金流敏感性的比较分析,以及H股公司上市前后财务保障比率变化的分析,进一步支持了这一结论.     

Liquidity default,liquidity management and smooth dividends policy

Our article models liquidity financing constraints with the real options framework. By conducting a comprehensive investigation of the effects of shocks to liquidity constraints on the firm’s optimal investment, financing and dividend policies, our model highlights the importance of liquidity management and extends the liquidity management approach to hedge liquidity default risk. We find that being concerned about liquidity default risk will significantly change a firm’s behaviours, including those related to investment and the optimal capital structure. A firm that is concerned about its liquidity default risk will become more cautious: it will choose to delay investment and have higher leverage when internal liquidity is very low, but choose earlier investment and lower leverage when liquidity is high enough. The dividends policy can alleviate risks from both the external market and internal project volatility and provides an alternative explanation for the ‘smooth dividends policy puzzle’ commonly reported in empirical research.     

Self-employment,start-up incentives and political ideology

We find evidence that public start-up incentives promote self-employment. This public policy seems to affect more women than men.     

Liquidity Constraints and Investment in Transition Economies

We use Bulgarian firm-level data to investigate the impact of liquidity constraints on investment performance. Internal funds are an important determinant of investment in most industrialized countries. We test whether internal funds are important for firm investment during the current transition process in Bulgaria. We use a simple accelerator model of investment to test whether liquidity constraints are relevant in the case of Bulgaria. Our estimations are based on data for the period 1993–95, prior to the Bulgarian financial crisis in 1996–97. It turns out that Bulgarian firms are liquidity constrained, and that firms' size and financial structure help to distinguish between firms that are more and less liquidity constrained. In our view, liquidity constraints can be given a different interpretation in the case of transition economies as compared to Western economies. A more in depth analysis of the data reveals that liquidity constraints, and consequently the access to external funds for Bulgarian firm investment, are to be seen against the background of soft-budget constraints and the failure of the financial system to enforce an efficient allocation of funds. In our view, the lack of liquidity constraints may actually be seen as a sign of financial weakness in the case of Bulgaria.     

融资约束降低了企业加成率吗?--来自中国的证据

融资约束是否限制中国工业企业加成率的提升?针对此问题,基于微观层面的中国工业企业生产和贸易匹配数据,实证检验融资约束对中国工业企业加成率的影响及其作用机制。结果显示:融资约束显著降低了中国工业企业的加成率。有关机制分析和实证检验进一步发现,融资约束会降低企业的生产率、减少企业出口的概率和降低出口产品质量,从而限制企业提升加成率水平,表明融资约束影响企业加成率理论机制中的生产率渠道、出口渠道和出口产品质量渠道均存在。为此,需深化金融市场改革,拓宽企业融资渠道,增强企业融资能力,以提高中国企业加成率以及在国际市场中的影响力和贸易利得。     

Liquidity Cost Premia

The purpose of the paper is to find out the borrowing cost premia for those individuals who are liquidity-constrained, or who are first-time buyers of real estate. The analysis uses the similarity of a leveraged purchase with the exercise of a call option to defer the purchase of the asset. Sensible parameters are selected for the option, and simulations are run to identify the cost premia. The main conclusion is that these borrowing costs are prohibitive in central tendency and in dispersion. This means that liquidity-constrained individuals may be given borrowing quotations, but these quoted rates are so high and variable that these individuals are unwilling to borrow.     

股票流动性与企业资本结构的决定——基于中国上市公司的经验证据

文章使用2000-2008年间沪深两市中仅发行了A股的上市公司的高频交易数据,采用有效价差和报价价差来衡量公司股票的流动性,考察了股票流动性对资本结构的影响,并进一步考察了是否满足权益再融资条件以及股权分置改革对两者之间关系的影响.研究表明,股票流动性(即买卖价差)和资本结构呈显著负相关性(正相关性).满足再融资条件的公司财务杠杆对流动性的敏感性显著更强.完成股权分置改革公司的财务杠杆对流动性的敏感性更强,但这种关系不是很稳健.     

股票分拆与并股对市场流动性的影响 --来自于香港股票市场的证据

股票分拆与并股这类事件一直迷惑着学者和实际工作者.本文利用香港股票市场的数据,研究分拆与并股对股票的市场流动性的影响.而且还研究了这类事件对股票在市场中的交易活动性的影响,以便将交易活动性与市场流动性联系起来,通过交易活动性的变化来解释造成流动性变化的根本原因.结果表明股票在分拆后流动性增强,而且是由小额交易的活跃引起的;股票在并股后流动性减弱,是由小额交易与大额交易的不活跃共同造成的.     

中国非农自雇活动的转换进入分析

本文利用中国健康与营养调查的微观面板数据,分析了我国非农自雇活动转换进入的决定因素。本文把初始状态区分为工资雇佣和失业,最终状态则划分为无雇工自雇和有雇工自雇,另外,对无雇工自雇转入有雇工自雇也进行了剖析。结果显示:不管初始状态如何,代际人力资本传递在自雇进入中发挥了重要作用;年龄和性别变量只对失业转入自雇有影响;由失业转入自雇的概率比由工资雇佣转入自雇的概率高;工资雇佣转入有雇工自雇的概率与失业转入有雇工自雇的概率相差不大,但工资雇佣转入无雇工自雇的概率与失业转入无雇工自雇的概率之间存在巨大差异;高等教育在无雇工自雇转入有雇工自雇的工作岗位创造过程中起到了显著的推动作用。     

负债与流动性:抑制还是协同

负债和流动性的关系是资本结构的一个新问题.负债之于流动性,是相互抑制还是协同,成为近年来有争议的话题.一般而言,负债比率和流动性会因为上市公司所处的行业不同而有很大的差别.基于以上认识,本文试图在已有研究成果基础上有所突破,结合实证检验,按行业研究我国上市公司负债和流动性的关系.因地制宜地采取措施,提升企业价值,会对上市公司有更切合实际的的理论和现实指导意义.     

中国流动性问题研究：过剩抑或紧缩

近两年来,流动性问题成为了干扰中国宏观经济平稳运行的突出问题。如何理解中国流动性问题的病症呢？在分析当前中国流动性呈现新的特征基础上,对流动性这种新的特征形成原因给以了详尽地阐释,并提出了解决流动性失衡问题的主要措施。我们的基本结论是中国流动性呈现宏观层面相对宽松与微观层面相对紧缩并存的失衡,破解流动性失衡,宜采用宏观和微观并举的措施。     

Self-employment and the Okun's law

This research establishes a significant relationship between the share of self-employment in total employment and the Okun's coefficient, which had been insufficiently addressed in the literature. We provide evidence on the determinants driving the differences in the unemployment–output relationship in Spanish regions and conclude that the differences in the share of self-employment in total employment prove relevant when accounting for differences in Okun's law, and its effect is greater than that of labour productivity per worker, which had been considered the main factor for regional discrepancies. The economic policy implications of this outcome are valuable for two reasons: European authorities are promoting self-employment and the emergence of the ‘gig economy’. This finding also opens a notable line of research: assessing whether this empirical regularity is observable in other economies.     

Risks, Financing Constraints, and High Savings Ratio in the Rural Economy of China: A Model Incorporating Precautionary Savings and Liquidity Constraints

This paper makes an in-depth investigation on the phenomenon of high savings rate in the rural economy of China between 1978 and 2003. On the basis of precautionary savings theory, we construct a model incorporating the risks, liquidity constrains, and aging population to explain the existence of high savings rate in the rural economy of China. We measure risks with Gini coefficient and marginal propensity to save. We find that these risk indices are positively associated with the higher savings rate and the higher degree of prudence of rural households. Our findings pose an urgency of the reform of rural financial system and the improvement in social security system in the rural economy of China. Translated from Economic Science, 2005, (1) (in Chinese)     

资本市场流动性研究综述

对资本市场流动性的研究有助于解释流动性溢价问题,提高投资者的流动性风险意识。系统回顾了国内外有关资本市场流动性的研究现状,从流动性测度、流动性与资产定价以及市场之间的流动性相关性等问题进行梳理和总结,对今后的研究方向做出了展望。     

Regional Liquidity Risk and Covered Interest Parity During the Global Financial Crisis: Evidence from Tokyo,London, and New York*

ABSTRACT

During the global financial crisis, there were substantial deviations from covered interest parity (CIP) condition. In particular, in the post-Lehman period, the US dollar interest rate became very low on the forward market. However, the deviations from the CIP condition varied across markets. After presenting a simple model, the following analysis examines how the CIP condition between the Japanese yen and the US dollar was violated in Tokyo, London, and New York markets. We show that the CIP deviations became largest in the New York market soon after the Lehman shock but were largest in the Tokyo market in the rest of the turmoil period. The regressions suggest that market-specific credit risks and central banks’ liquidity provisions explained the difference across the markets. In particular, they indicate that larger dollar-specific risk and smaller yen-specific risk caused larger deviations in the Tokyo market.     

银行流动性过剩的自愿性与非自愿性因素辨析——兼论对货币政策的影响

本文将很行的流动性资产分为自愿性(预防性)流动资产和非自愿性流动资产两部分,并建立银行自愿性流动资产需求模型,进一步的实证分析表明:自愿性因素和非自愿性因素共同促使我国银行流动性过剩,自愿的预防性流动资产过剩和非自愿的流动资产过剩并存,银行的部分流动性过剩资产是为了规避融资成本、汇率风险和存款波动风险而自愿持有的.脉冲响应分析表明银行流动性过剩制约了我国贷币政策有效性的发挥.     

Form of Ownership and Financial Constraints:Panel Data Evidence From Flow of Funds and Investment Equations

This paper analyzes the effects of the form of ownership on the substitutability between internal and external sources of finance in Italy. In particular, we test whether financial constraints are more severe for independent firms compared to members of large national business groups and subsidiaries of foreign multinational corporations. The results obtained from flow of funds and investment equations estimated for a panel of Italian companies imply that independent firms face more severe financial constraints. In fact, not only members of national groups and subsidiaries of multinational corporations find it easier to substitute cash flow with external finance when the former falls but they do not display excess sensitivity to cash flow and debt in their investment decisions.     

Liquidity commonality in order-driven trading: evidence from the Athens Stock Exchange

We examine the presence of liquidity commonality in the order-driven Athens Stock Exchange (ASE). Unlike the majority of liquidity commonality studies that focus on the bid–ask spread, our analysis extends deeper in the Limit Order Book, providing insight on the price impact of both small and large trades. We utilize a 6-month FTSE/ATHEX-20 intraday data set to estimate the liquidity factor model of Chordia et al. (2000). To this end, we conduct single-equation analysis as well as panel data analysis with the use of two-way clustered errors, correcting for simultaneous firm and time correlations. Moreover, we apply standard principal component analysis on stock liquidities to extract the marketwide liquidity component. We find that liquidity commonality is low at the bid–ask spread, whereas it increases deeper in the book; consequently, large traders face liquidity risks associated with both individual stock and marketwide illiquidity. Moreover, our empirical evidence hints that liquidity commonality is asynchronous, suggesting that the ASE trading process includes various levels of information speed. Our analysis contributes to the understanding of liquidity commonality in order-driven trading, especially in emerging markets like the ASE where trading activity is limited and information speed is low.