A counterpoint assessment of Vancouver international airport as a gateway to North America

The essential issue here is does the trans-Pacific market need a hub at Vancouver, and if so, can Vancouver position itself to meet that need. Critical to arriving at an appropriate answer will be understanding the changing trans-Pacific market, the applicable regulatory environments, the airlines in the market, and the competing hub airports. Although Vancouver's location and its history place it in a favorable position, success is far from a foregone conclusion. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Consumers' evaluations of an international airport: a facet theoretical approach

Results are presented of a study of consumers' satisfaction with an international airport. A facet theory approach is adopted in research design and data analysis and the results are presented in relation to previous facet theory-guided research into design evaluation. Opportunity-sampled passengers (N = 115) arriving or departing air passengers returned completed and usable questionnaires. Analysis revealed the air passengers questioned were generally satisfied with the airport. Similarity structure analysis (SSA) provided support for the 'general mapping sentence for place experience' which was used to design the questionnaire. The mapping sentence has been developed in the literature through demonstrating a common structure to place evaluation which consists in facets of referent, focus and level. The referent facet composed elements of service, spatial and comfort; a focus facet with contained elements of primary and ancillary; and a level facet was independently present with elements of direct and indirect levels of contact. The paper concludes by developing a mapping sentence for airport design evaluation.     

Spending time,spending money: passenger segmentation in an international airport

Changes within the air transport sector have required many European airports to either develop or expand their commercial activities. Strategies have included the expansion of retail space, a broadening of the tenant and merchandise mix and the development of a passenger segmentation strategy. This paper explores the efficacy of this approach by identifying the behaviour of different passenger segments while in an international airport. Using a framework of strategic market segmentation, it identifies how travellers allocate their time having entered ‘airside’ and details any purchases made. Using observational research and a face-to-face quantitative survey, 301 passengers were tracked and interviewed. Through a broad based, a priori form of segmentation, significant differences in shopping behaviour are identified. Such findings assist with the development of the airport's commercial strategy and allow a number of observations to be made about the value of market segmentation from both a theoretical and managerial perspective.     

The Japanese corporate network transferred to North America: Implications for North American firms

A significant difference between Japanese and American corporate environments is the existence of extensive networks of intercorporate agreements among firms in Japan. Networks in Japan are the dominant factor in determining how firms transact with other organizations. Given that Japanese networks are taking root in the American business environment, what does this mean for American firms competing and cooperating with Japanese firms? Drawing on a recent study of North American-Japanese joint ventures, this article examines the Japanese network and considers the implications for outsider firms gaining temporary, and perhaps even permanent access to the network through the formation of alliances and joint ventures with Japanese firms. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

生产性服务业与农业关联性研究——以美国为例

运用农业生产服务投入率和直接消耗系数对美国生产服务业和农业的关联性进行分析,结果表明,美国1995-2011年生产服务投入占农业中间投入比重平均值为32.23％,农业生产服务直接消耗系数平均值为0.18.其中批发零售服务投入率是各类农业生产服务投入率中最高的,也是农业生产服务直接消耗系数最大的,说明批发零售业与农业关系最为密切,依赖性最强.其他各类生产服务业与农业的关联性按由强到弱顺序依次为:金融、房地产、交通运输、租赁与商务服务、邮政通讯和其他服务.     

The intrapreneur role of the development directors in an international hotel group

This article fills a gap in the research undertaken into the role of intrapreneurs in the international expansion process of an organisation. The intrapreneurial role of development directors (DDs) in implementing franchising decisions in an international hotel group was investigated. In-depth interviews, observations and document analysis were used as the data collection techniques. Findings suggest that human factors play an important role in the expansion process and, in a culturally diverse context, franchising is very much the concern of the development directors who provide the attributes of intrapreneurs, both in the organisation and externally in the market.     

The Impact of Individual Needs on Work Behavior: China and North America

ABSTRACT

Twenty individual needs were measured using the Personality Research Form in two different samples in the People's Republic of China (PRC); one sample from Chengdu, the other from Wuhan. Based on reliability estimates, eleven needs were retained for analysis. The Chinese samples were compared with each other and with established North American norms. Gender differences were also examined. Rank order correlations suggest the two PRC samples are relatively similar, and each is different from established North American norms. Implications for Chinese and North American managers working with the other group are discussed, as well as the need for further research.     

The development of international food aid policy

The European Community is to spend ECU 680 million on food aid in 1982—an increase of 13.3% over 1981. Is this a sign of growing humanitarianism on the part of the EC or merely the side-product of a policy of agricultural protectionism which in the long run is harmful to the economies of both the donors and recipients of food aid? A look at the historical development of international food ald may help to provide an answer to this question.     

Gender discrimination and lending to women: The moderating effect of an international founder

Much of the microfinance rhetoric revolves around fighting female poverty, which is often the result of discriminatory gender norms. Also, the microfinance industry has always been influenced by foreign actors, who, according to the literature, promote women’s empowerment. Yet, little is known about how microfinance institutions’ (MFIs) outreach to women is affected by the interplay between societal norms and the actions of these foreign actors. In response, this study draws on two streams of institutional theory, institutional logics perspective and institutional work theory, to investigate the influence of gender discrimination on microfinance outreach to women and to test the moderating effect of an international founder. Using data on 213 MFIs from 65 countries, the results show that gender discrimination negatively impacts microfinance outreach to women, but that the negative effect is mitigated by having an international founder. These findings are discussed, and several avenues are opened for future research.     

Local enablers of business models: The experience of Brazilian multinationals acquiring in North America

Despite the rapid growth of South–North investments, the literature is still incipient to look into the broad range of issues associated with them. This article focuses on reverse takeovers and discusses the reasons why emerging-country firms, Brazilian multinationals in particular, are able to profitably acquire firms in developed countries, chiefly in the United States. The research addresses two specific subjects in international business literature: country-choice and entry-mode. The analytical approach assumes that reverse takeovers are part of the dynamic reconfiguration of global production systems which, in turn, are influenced by shifting conditions in countries' business environments. Changes in business environments impact local firms' business models and their positioning in global production networks and international markets as well. Reverse takeovers are facilitated when both the simultaneous evolution of the developed country multinational and the emerging country multinational business models establish a common ground for the transaction. Through the analysis of Brazilian multinationals' acquisitions in North America, relevant insights pertaining to the realms of firm-specific advantages, country-choice and entry mode in reverse takeovers are unveiled.     

浅析国际贸易的发展及实现机制

国际贸易具有促进国家经济增长、增加就业和提高收入水平的重要作用,我们称之为贸易的发展利益或动态利益,已为理论研究和经济生活实际所证明.国际贸易促进一国经济发展的条件是多方面的.既有国内的条件,也有国际环境条件;既有微观条件,也要有宏观条件.     

Using complex networks analysis to assess the evolution of international economic integration: The cases of East Asia and Latin America

This paper exploits recently-developed indicators based on network analysis to investigate the pattern of international integration followed by East Asian countries and compares it with the Latin American performance. Standard trade openness indicators fall short of portraying the peculiarity of the Asian experience, and of explaining why other emerging markets with similar characteristics have been less successful over the last 25 years. The analysis offers an alternative perspective on the issue regarding international economic integration by taking into account the whole structure of international trade relationships and by determining both the position of countries in the world trade network, and its evolution over time. We find that East Asian countries are more integrated into the world economy, as they have moved from the periphery of the network towards its core. Our results support the idea that the degree of openness matters but it is not enough to characterize economic integration. The number and identity of trade partners, and the specific individual structure of trade for each country, need to be incorporated in order to fully characterize international economic integration. By doing so, it is possible to argue that the integration process of the East Asian countries mirrors their high economic performance, while the lower degree of integration of Latin America can be related to the lack of economic development of the region, even though their degree of openness has increased.     

Theoretical milestones in international business: The journey to international entrepreneurship theory

For many decades global business was considered the preserve of large multinationals and traditional international business theory was developed to explain the behaviour of these firms. However, increasingly there is a realization that the small entrepreneurial firm has an important role to play in international business especially given that there are strong globalization pressures that both pull and push the small firm into international markets to ensure its very survival. On the questions of how and why international business takes place, several theoretical approaches have been developed that appear to run parallel to each other. However, this paper posits that the point of convergence is international entrepreneurship.     

The social responsibility of international business: From ethics and the environment to CSR and sustainable development

This article examines how the international business (IB) literature has addressed social responsibility issues in the past 50 years, highlighting key developments and implications from a historical perspective. Specific attention is paid to the Journal of World Business (JWB), which has covered the whole period and published relevant articles related to these issues, in comparison to the Journal of International Business Studies (JIBS), the other long-standing IB journal. The article outlines that they illustrate different conceptualizations of IB and social responsibility. The 50-year review shows three subthemes: the (green) environment; ethics, rights and responsibilities; poverty and (sustainable) development. These are discussed consecutively, including main contributions and promising areas to further the field.     

国际信用衍生品市场发展以及启示

信用衍生产品是分离、转移和对冲信用风险的各种工具的统称,其产品种类繁多,市场参与者类型丰富.国际信用衍生品市场的发展改革,为我国金融衍生品市场发展提供一定的经验与启示是:继续坚持加强市场监管与业务规范;简单产品具有生命力;严格控制杠杆率;进一步完善标准文本和配套机制;进一步提高市场透明度和信息集中度.