营养、健康与效率——来自中国贫困农村的证据

运用来自中国贫困农村的数据 ,本文系统地研究了营养、健康对劳动生产率或者说收入的影响。在控制着营养和健康变量“内生性”的前提下 ,本文估计了不同的营养和健康指标在中国贫困农村的回报和弹性。结果表明 ,几乎所有的营养和健康方面都影响到农村的劳动生产率 ,其中 ,营养摄入和疾病的影响最为显著。平均来看 ,卡路里拥有量每增加 1 % ,种植业收入会相应增加 0 57% ;而家庭劳动力因病无法工作时间每增加一个月 ,种植业收入将减少 2 3 0 0元。这些结果说明 ,要想使农民摆脱贫困的束缚 ,投资于营养和健康具有至关重要的作用。     

健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响

利用 1 993年中国营养调查数据 ,本文探讨了中国农村地区健康对非农就业及其工资决定的影响 ,并试图从微观层面揭示中国农村地区健康与收入之间的关系。本文的主要发现是 ,对于劳动参与及非农就业机会 ,健康状况都有显著的影响 ;然而在传统的种植业领域 ,健康并不是劳动参与的决定性因素 ;同时 ,在农村的非农就业者中 ,健康并不是劳动力市场表现的重要因素。尽管如此 ,由于非农就业机会对家庭收入的重要作用 ,我们仍不难发现健康在获取非农就业收入乃至增加家庭收入方面的作用     

生育保险、女性就业与儿童照料——基于中国微观数据的分析

本文运用中国健康和营养调查数据(CHNS),实证检验了生育保险制度对中国女性工资、工作连续性和儿童照料方式的影响。结果表明,生育保险政策在我国当前显著加强了对女性的工资歧视,但也有在长期通过提高女性工作概率和人力资本积累的连续性而改善女性就业的可能;同时,生育保险政策也带来了儿童非父母照料的显著增加和母乳喂养的不显著下降,而这二者可能对儿童发展不利。     

老年健康与照料需求:理论和来自随机实验的证据

本文分析了中国老年人身体健康对照料需求和照料模式选择的作用。实证上,通过大样本慢阻肺随机干预实验,采用双重差分估计的结果表明:(1)在慢阻肺干预实验后,实验组老年人身体健康显著改善。照料需求大幅度减少,健康改善带来老年照料利用概率减少了35.5%;(2)实验组照料需求的减少主要发生在社会照料需求方面,健康改善带来社会照料利用概率减少了67.8%,而家庭照料基本保持不变;(3)异质性检验表明,潜在家庭照料资源越少的家庭,社会照料需求的下降越明显。从理论的角度,上述实证结果支持家庭在老年人照料模式选择中存在啄序偏好:家庭首先动用所有内部照料资源,然后再使用社会照料,从而导致社会照料对健康的敏感度更高。本文的政策含义是,事前的预防性健康干预政策能够显著减轻家庭在照料特别是社会照料方面的负担。对于内部非正式照料资源较少的家庭,预防性健康干预政策的减负效果尤为显著。     

健康对中国中老年人劳动供给的影响

本文选择高血压作为健康测度变量,运用CHNS四期追踪数据,探讨了健康对农村和城市的中老年人劳动供给的影响。由于疾病可能存在的内生性,本文用患高血压之前的钠盐摄入量作为工具变量。我们发现患高血压对城市中老年人劳动供给有明显的影响,但对农村人没有显著的影响。而且我们发现,城市的效果几乎全部来自较低教育程度的蓝领工人,这可能主要是因为拥有养老保障的体力劳动者容易在高血压影响下产生退休意愿,而这个现象在同样是以体力劳动为主的农村劳动力中并不存在。     

卫生服务可及性提高是否能促进儿童就医性别公平?——来自中国农村的证据

本文使用中国健康与营养调查多年数据,考察农村卫生服务可及性对儿童患病就医性别差异的影响。文章首先建立理论模型分析不同投入水平下卫生服务可及性增加对儿童就医概率性别差异的影响,而后通过实证比较不同时期卫生服务可及性对农村儿童患病就医影响的性别差异。文章发现,20世纪90年代初农村卫生服务可及性的提高能缩小儿童患病就医的性别差距,而本世纪初农村卫生服务可及性的提高却在一定程度上扩大了儿童患病就医的性别差距。     

老年照料对已婚子女劳动供给的影响:基于CFPS的经验证据

老年照料对子女劳动供给有着不可忽视的作用。理论上,老年照料对子女劳动供给的影响存在两种相反的假设,分别是减少劳动供给以提供老年照料和增加劳动供给以应对经济压力。本文基于2016年中国家庭追踪调查数据实证研究老年照料对已婚子女劳动供给的影响发现,已婚的非独生子女在提供老年照料服务时,丈夫和妻子的劳动时间都会显著下降,呈现出合作的特征;而已婚独生子女在提供老年照料服务时,妻子的劳动时间会下降,丈夫的劳动时间有所增加,呈现出分工的特征。最后,本文针对上述实证结果提供了合理的经济解释,并认为应该通过发展养老服务业和制定支持性的财税政策来减轻成年子女的养老负担。     

健康不平等及其成因——中国全国儿童健康调查实证研究

利用1992年中国全国儿童健康调查的数据，本用（儿童死亡率和儿童发病率）两个指标来评估健康水平及健康不平等状况，并与其他欠发达国家的健康指标进行比较，分析中国在这个重要问题上的相对发展状况。我们同时也分析了导致健康不平等的原因，从而为政策设计提供有用信息。     

教育如何影响了人们的健康?——来自中国老年人的证据

教育和健康作为人力资本的最重要部分,其互补关系引起了经济学家的高度关注。本文使用中国老年人数据,研究了教育对健康的影响及其内在机制。结果发现教育显著提高了中国老年人的健康水平和存活率,且教育带来的健康投入效率的提高比预算约束的放松所起的作用更大,因此可以通过健康行为的干预来增进人们的健康。本文进一步证实了教育对健康影响的持久性和跨国普适性,同时也发现了教育对中国老年人健康的影响渠道的一些有趣特点。     

Changing Women's Lives: Child Care Policy in Ireland

Child care as a policy issue has been forced to the center of the national planning agenda in Ireland with the report of an expert working group on child care. As Ireland has broken into the ranks of wealthy Western economies, Irish women have joined the formal workforce in ever greater numbers, dramatically breaking the traditional ideology of women as childbearers and homemakers. However, women are now carrying the double burden of work that accompanies the lack of any state policy on child care. This article traces this recent history of the feminizing of the Irish workforce, amidst a fast-changing social context for family life, and the multiple problems confronting the expert working group of securing an adequate range of policies for the provision of child care in a country which has one of the lowest rates of formal state provision in the entire European Union.     

健康变化对劳动供给和收入影响的实证分析

本文使用中国健康与营养调查(CHNS)数据检验了居民健康状况变化对居民劳动供给和家庭收入的影响。通过控制基期健康状况和一系列个人特征,本文重点检验了可以被视作外生冲击的健康变化对居民劳动供给和家庭收入的影响。考虑到城乡居民以及性别在劳动供给以及收入上的差异,本文还分别分城乡和性别进行了回归分析。研究发现,滞后期健康状况与当期劳动供给和家庭收入显著正相关;健康恶化显著降低劳动供给和家庭收入。此外,健康与劳动供给和家庭收入之间的关系在城乡居民和性别之间均存在差异,具体地,城市居民和男性更容易因健康恶化退出劳动供给,农村居民和女性则会因健康改善增加劳动供给。这表明在评估健康干预政策时要综合考虑健康变化对公民社会经济状况(SES)可能造成的影响,同时,对城市居民和农村居民以及对男性和女性要区别考虑。     

Economic Transition,Institutional Changes and the Health System: Some Lessons from Rural China

Abstract

The success of China in its transition has received a great deal of attention from economists. At the same time, public health experts have accumulated evidence on setbacks within the Chinese health sector, particularly in rural areas. This paper puts these two bodies of knowledge together. It explores the links between the two phenomena. The review shows that economic transition, the ‘Chinese way’, creates specific challenges for the rural health sector. It also invites transition experts to pay more attention to health. There is a need for more studies on how health system development is influenced by economic and public finance reforms.     

Social Security Income and Health Care Spending: Evidence from the Social Security Notch

In this paper, I exploit Social Security legislation changes to identify the causal effect of Social Security income on out‐of‐pocket medical expenditures of the elderly. Using the 1986–1994 Consumer Expenditure Survey and an instrumental variables strategy, the empirical results show that health care expenditures are responsive to changes in Social Security income for elderly individuals with less than a high‐school education. The estimated income elasticities are between 1.41 and 3.47, depending on the outcome measures, and are statistically significant at conventional levels. The findings are in contrast to existing studies that find a small income elasticity at the individual/household level.     

Non-farm Income and Consumption Expenditures in Rural Bangladesh: Empirical Evidence from Multilevel Regression Modelling

This study examines the effects of non-farm income on household consumption expenditures in rural Bangladesh. A two-stage endogenous treatment effect model is built on data from a nationally representative Household Income Expenditure Survey (HIES) 2010 to control selection bias. The HIES follows a hierarchical data structure because the survey is based on two-stage stratified sampling. A multilevel mixed-effects linear regression model is used to capture the unobserved heterogeneity between clusters (PSUs) along with revealing important factors. Results reveal that non-farm income has a significant positive effect on household’s consumption expenditures and non-farm income recipient households spend about 29% more than their counterparts. In addition, higher level of per capita income, education, smaller family size and lower dependency ratio are found to be more effective in increasing consumption expenditures of rural households. Significant cluster-level variations are observed in the analyses. This study recommends that non-farm income generating activities should be encouraged among rural households as this would raise their consumption expenditures and hence, improve welfare and living standards among them.

     

Child labor and household wealth: Theory and empirical evidence of an inverted-U

Some studies on child labor have shown that, at the level of the household, greater land wealth leads to higher child labor, thereby casting doubt on the hypothesis that child labor is caused by poverty. This paper argues that the missing ingredient may be an explicit modeling of the labor market. We develop a simple model which suggests the possibility of an inverted-U relationship between land holdings and child labor. Using a unique data set that has child labor hours it is found that, controlling for child, household and village characteristics, the turning point beyond which more land leads to a decline in child labor occurs around 4 ac of land per household.     

中国农村的收入差距与健康

随着收入差距的扩大,收入分配对健康和健康不平等的影响日益受到关注。本文利用中国健康营养调查(CHNS)1997年和2000年农村的面板数据回答两个问题:收入差距对健康的影响以及影响健康的方式;收入差距的扩大是否会导致健康不平等的加剧,尤其是低收入人群的健康是否受到更为不利的影响。研究发现,首先收入差距对健康的影响存在滞后效应;其次,收入差距对健康的影响呈现“倒U”型,在收入差距较高时,收入差距对健康的影响主要为负向的,一个可能的原因是收入差距影响到公共卫生设施的供给。再次,收入差距的扩大会加强收入效应,其含义是如果低收入人群的收入更容易受到负向冲击,那么收入差距对低收入人群的健康更为不利。     

本地非农就业对农村居民家庭消费的影响——基于CHIP农村住户调查数据的实证研究

本文运用CHIP2013农村住户调查数据,实证考察本地非农就业对农村居民家庭消费的影响。使用本地非农就业网络作为工具变量的估计结果表明,本地非农就业家庭的年生活消费总额比农业就业家庭显著高出15.5%-28.2%。机制分析表明,收入提升和边际消费倾向增加是本地非农就业促进农村居民家庭消费的可能机制。受雇形式的本地非农就业对农村居民家庭消费的促进作用大于本地自雇就业,且本地非农就业对多数消费项目均具有显著的促进作用。在农村非农就业劳动力市场发生结构转变的新形势下,农村地区非农就业的发展将有利于发挥农村消费市场在提升内需中的作用。     

Income, income inequality, and health: Evidence from China

This paper tests using survey data from China whether individual health is associated with income and community-level income inequality. Although poor health and high inequality are key features of many developing countries, most of the earlier literature has drawn on data from developed countries in studying the association between the two. We find that self-reported health status increases with per capita income, but at a decreasing rate. Controlling for per capita income, we find an inverted-U association between self-reported health status and income inequality, which suggests that high inequality in a community poses threats to health. We also find that high inequality increases the probability of health-compromising behavior such as smoking and alcohol consumption. Most of our findings are robust to different measures of health status and income inequality. Journal of Comparative Economics 34 (4) (2006) 668–693.