乌拉圭回合谈判后贸易政策工具的新变化及我国的对策

乌拉圭回合是世界经济贸易史上的一座里程碑。谈判结束后，作为贸易政策工具的关税、非关税措施都发生了新的变化。这一变化是经济全球化和贸易自由化的必然趋势。入世后，面对国际贸易政策工具的新变化，我国应积极利用WTO框架下的相关务款，保护国内相关产业。     

Did the Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture Affect Trade Flows? An Empirical Investigation for Meat Commodities

The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) was designed to reduce trade barriers and temper domestic and export policies that affect trade flows in agricultural commodities. This paper employs a dynamic framework to estimate the effects of the URAA on trade flows, as measured by export volumes, of three meat commodities. The model controls for several important factors, including regional trade agreements, and finds that the URAA had mixed effects on meat exports. Several complicating factors and policy responses, including increasing use of non-negotiated trade barriers, smaller export subsidies and domestic support, and limited effectiveness of market access provisions, explain the mixed empirical results.     

多哈回合农业市场准入谈判对中国的影响与对策

多哈回合农业市场准入谈判的最新进展集中体现在2008年12月的模式草案中。根据关税削减公式进行的关税削减将对国际农产品市场产生重要影响,而关于灵活性的规定也为成员方的农产品市场提供了保护。中国应在谈判过程中,积极参与农业市场准入谈判进程,充分运用灵活性条款以减轻国内市场面临的负面影响,并调整农业生产结构以应对未来的挑战。     

Market Growth, Structural Change, and the Gains from the Uruguay Round

It is found that market growth and structural changes will affect the results of quantitative analyses of the Uruguay Round. Rapid economic growth in Asia, and relatively deeper cuts in protection in that region, result in larger proportionate welfare gains in the year 2005 than in the year 1992. It is also found that changing comparative advantage, and shifts in global demand, result in substantial changes in the restrictive effects of the bilateral quotas on textiles and apparel. Accounting for the factors associated with market growth and structural change adds 30% to the estimates of global welfare gains from the Uruguay Round.     

产品内贸易对国际贸易的影响

随着全球化发展的不断深入,国际贸易领域出现了许多新的重大变化,其中最令人瞩目的是全球性生产网络的建立和产品内贸易的不断增长.产品内分工基础上的产品内贸易的发展对于发达国家和发展中国家都具有重要影响,它拓宽了经济开放国家或地区的国际贸易参与度,但处在产品内国际分工不同生产环节的企业所荻收益却并非一致.     

Tariffs and non-tariff barriers to trade in Hungary: The impact of the Uruguay Round and EU accession

International trade has featured prominently in Hungary's rapid transition to a market economy. This paper reports some relatively simple summary and complementary indicators for tariffs and non-tariff barriers (NTBs) to trade, which are designed to reflect the level and structure of tariffs and the scope of NTBs in Hungary. The existence of tariff 'spikes' and highly pervasive NTBs in certain sectors constitutes prima facie evidence that the domestic dead-weight efficiency and net welfare losses caused by tariff and non-tariff protection as well as the costs to consumers could be high. The indicators are used to highlight several key developments associated with Hungary's transition to a market economy, implementation of the Uruguay Round (UR) agreements and possible accession to the EU.     

The Role of Gatt in Trade Negotiations: A Game-Theoretic Perspective

The purpose of this paper is to explain theoretically the role of GATT in tariff negotiations, without narrowly interpreting GATT as an agreement. This paper, which establishes a game model where two nations are involved in tariff negotiations, shows the following points. First, free trade is difficult to realize even in a world with complete information. Second, GATT can serve as a mechanism for nations to find a particular cooperative tariff under incomplete information. Third, gradual tariff reduction can be explained as the interaction between the gradual decline of domestic political pressure and multilateral tariff negotiations under GATT. [F13]     

The “Emulator Effect” of the Uruguay Round on US Regionalism

Using a detailed data set at the tariff line level, we find an emulator effect of multilateralism on subsequent regional trade agreements (RTAs) involving the USA. We exploit the variation in the frequency with which the US grants immediate duty free access (IDA) to its RTA partners across tariff lines. A key finding is that the US grants IDA status especially on goods for which it has cut the multilateral most favored nation (MFN) tariff during the Uruguay Round the most. Our results suggest that the Uruguay Round multilateral “concessions” have elicited subsequent preferential trade liberalization.     

Trade and Environment: Bargaining Outcomes from Linked Negotiations

Some recent literature has explored physical and policy linkages between trade and the environment. This paper explores linkage through leverage in bargaining, whereby developed countries can use trade threats to achieve improved developing-country environmental management, while developing countries can use environmental concessions to achieve trade discipline in developed countries. A global numerical simulation model is used to compute bargaining outcomes from linked trade and environment negotiations. Results indicate joint gains from expanding the trade bargaining set to include the environment. However, compared with bargaining with cash side-payments, linked negotiations on policy instruments provide significantly inferior outcomes for developing countries.     

我国服务和货物部门对外贸易对彼此的贡献率分析--基于1997年投入产出表及其扩展表的计算

国际服务贸易的发展与国际货物贸易密切相关,尤其是在中国这样一个国际货物贸易蓬勃发展的国家,因此,实证分析我国国际服务贸易与国际货物贸易的相互贡献程度很有必要.本文对我国服务进出口对货物部门和货物进出口对服务部门的贡献率进行了研究.从为对方生产部门增加值的形成和增长的贡献率来看,我国货物进出口对服务部门的贡献大于服务进出口对货物部门的贡献.这说明了我国对外货物贸易的蓬勃发展已经并且还会促进服务业的增长.但是,我国服务进出口对货物部门发展的贡献却相对小得多,说明我国国际服务贸易亟待发展.     

Environment and Trade: The Relationship of International Trade and Environmental Policy

Followers of urban affairs and public policy have written much over the years about the rise of suburbia and development beyond older city boundaries in the US, whether such development is called urban, suburban, or ex-urban sprawl. Many researchers have focused on various issues concerning sprawl, especially on the unintended consequences that new development has had for municipal finances, neighborhood income and residential segregation, and transportation planning, among other issues. Over the last decade, a new area in the literature on sprawl has focused on how the “built environment” of residential areas can impact health and emergency services. We contribute to this latest set of papers on sprawl by trying to empirically estimate the impact of sprawl in metropolitan regions on the Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA) spending on “public assistance.” This assistance encompasses spending on debris removal, emergency protective measures, and rehabilitating or rebuilding of infrastructure, public buildings, public utilities, parks and recreational areas, in post-disaster relief efforts. In our exploratory analysis, the results indicate that urban sprawl is a factor in influencing the level of FEMA’s public assistance spending.     

国际贸易的正义诉求

国际贸易的迅猛发展在为全球经济注入活力的同时,也加剧了国际经济秩序的不公正性和不合理性。如何构建符合正义诉求的国际贸易新秩序,使其符合各国的基本利益,满足各国人民的合理要求,实现人类的整体利益已经成为国际贸易面临的重要问题。因此,基于对国际贸易中不公正现象的剖析,探寻国际贸易正义的内涵及其实现路径已显得十分必要。     

The Vertical Multinational Enterprise and International Trade

This paper analyzes an endogenous vertical multinational enterprise by explicitly modeling a distortion in the intermediate goods sector. Firms invest abroad to lower the cost of multistage production. The implications for international trade and investment differ markedly from the conventional wisdom of multinationals. Particularly, intrafirm trade in intermediates implies vertical investment complements rather than substitutes for trade. The decision to become a multinational depends on the level on foreign factor prices, the nature of the competition with foreign suppliers, transport, tariffs, and subsidiary plant costs. Marginal change in tariff may result in unintended welfare jumps as firm configuration shifts.     

我国国际服务贸易发展存在的问题及对策研究

20世纪80年代以来,随着国际分工的精细化和国际产业结构的迅速调整以及国际经济一体化趋势的加强,服务业在一国对外贸易中的地位越来越重要,发展速度超过了国际货物贸易,日益引起各国政府的重视。本文通过分析我国国际服务贸易发展过程中存在的问题,提出了发展我国国际服务贸易的对策思考。     

论NGO对国际贸易的作用及相关对策

本文着重剖析和归纳NGO在国际贸易中的作用。根据我国NGO的发展现状 ,提出增强我国NGO在国际贸易中作用的政策建议。     

多边贸易框架下国际贸易摩擦的发展趋势

1995年,世界贸易组织(WTO)取代关税与贸易总协定(GATT)成为多边贸易谈判与贸易磋商机构。WTO的成立,极大促进了全球贸易自由化的发展。但贸易自由化也引起世界市场竞争的激化,贸易自由化带来的国家利益与要素收入的重新分配,导致各国间贸易关系的紧张。文章分析WTO成立后国际贸易摩擦的趋势。     

论国际技术贸易中交易费用的降低

国际技术贸易作为一种特殊的市场交易形式,其发展必然要受到交易费用的影响。交易费用与国际技术贸易的发展呈负相关关系,国际技术贸易自身的特性和政府管制行为是影响国际技术贸易交易费用的重要因素,可以通过产权制度、跨国技术战略联盟和国际制度安排来降低国际技术贸易中的交易费用。