德国国防工业发展现状

一、国防工业的总体规模 德国是研制生产武器装备的重要国家。自2003年以来．德国国防工业为适应军队转型的需要．已经从20世纪末的1000家军工企业,重组为目前的200家左右。德国的军工企业绝大多数为中小企业。只有少数大型企业,其中包括许多国际知名企业,如研制军用飞机、卫星和火箭的欧洲航空防务航天公司（德国）、道尼尔公司,以生产豹式坦克著称的克劳斯·玛菲·韦格曼公司,     

Welfare versus market access: The implications of tariff structure for tariff reform

We show that the effects of tariff changes on welfare and import volume are fully characterised by their effects on the generalised mean and variance of the tariff distribution, implying two “cones of liberalisation” in commodity price space. Because welfare is negatively but import volume positively related to the generalised variance, the cones do not intersect, which poses a policy dilemma. We present a new radial tariff reform rule, which implies new results for welfare- and market-access-improving tariff changes. Finally, we show that generalised and trade-weighted moments are mutually proportional when the trade expenditure function is CES.     

The economics of German Unification reconsidered

The task of vitalizing the east German economy was severely underestimated—by politicians as well as by both the academic and the business community. Despite all the encouraging signs in east Germany, which undeniably exist, the process will take more time, require more money, and need more east German commitment than had widely been expected. But will fiscal backing alone be enough to vitalize the east German economy? What are the tasks ahead? Are they being tackled in an adequate way?     

The distribution of gains from bilateral tariff reductions

A two-good, two-country model is used to analyse the distribution of gains from proportionate, bilateral tariff reductions It is shown that the distribution of gains is given by the solution to a rather complicated quadratic equation which exhibits multiple real roots. The country with the more elastic offer surface will be the relative gainer, for example, if it has either a very large or a very small tariff relative to the other country's tariff and relative to its own ‘optimal’ (Nash-equilibrium) tariff.     

On non-linear tariff schedules

A non-linear tariff is one in which the total tariff paid by an individual is not proportional to the amount he imports. In this paper, we analyze optimal non-linear tariffs set by a welfare-maximizing government subject to a revenue constraint. The optimal schedule consists of a two-part tariff over an initial range of imports, and a continuous schedule for further imports that satisfies a modified Ramsey rule.     

供电企业上网电价分析

随着电力工业体制改革和电力市场的发展,现行电价政策、制定电价的方法等已越来越不适应新形势的要求,暴露出了诸多弊端,本文主要分析了上网电价改革的不足和建议.     

Australian tariff preferences for LDCs

In the course of the discussion of the tariff preferences granted by various developed nations to less developed countries (LDCs) it should be noted that it was Australla which first set up a comprising preference scheme. The author of this article outlines the scheme and appraises the Australlan experience.     

The deterioration of the terms of trade by a tariff

The paper investigates the classic problem of the effect of a tariff on the terms of trade for a country with monopoly power in trade. It shows that the terms of trade may deteriorate in the presence of a tariff, by using a three-traded-goods model as against the earlier analyses in terms of the two-good model. An earlier analysis by Gruen-Corden of such a model used unnecessarily restrictive assumptions to discuss this problem; the present model is perfectly general.     

The transactional ethic: The ethical foundations of free enterprise reconsidered

A review of the evolution of the ethical foundations of free enterprise reveals the essentially utilitarian ethical foundation prevailing today. To enrich those foundations the article attempts to establish the ethical validity of free transactions by relating them to the basic principle of interpersonal ethics: the Golden Rule. The validity of the transactional ethic is presented as an articulation of freedom in a valid social and economic context. Jeffrey A. Barach is Professor of Management, A. B. Freeman School of Business, Tulane University. His DBA ('67), MBA ('61), and AB ('56) are from Harvard. His interests include business ethics, business policy and marketing. He has published articles and cases in these areas and on pedagogy. His text Individual, Business, and Society was published in 1977. Recent articles concern social marketing (Business Horizons), management of family firms (Sloan Management Review), and the ethics of hardball (California Management Review).John B. Elstrott, Jr., is the Sponsored Research Coordinator at the Freeman School of Business, Tulane University. He received his Ph.D. in Economics from the University of Colorado (1975). His interests include business ethics, entrepreneurship, economic development, and environmental economics. He is working on several interdisciplinary research projects including one on economic evaluation of solid waste management alternatives. Dr. Elstrott is an active entrepreneur and serves on the board of several profit and not for profit corporations.     

"香港制造"胶着"零关税"

在"内地与香港的更紧密经贸关系安排"的框架下,港货入内地"零关税"能否实现?香港人可能会有点失望。 6月底,从外经贸部传来消息,原来预期今年底实施的内地、香港两地零关税措施,可能要延迟。香港财政司司长梁锦松与外经贸部的"更紧密经贸关系安排"高层会议原定     

Coordinating tariff reduction and domestic tax reform

A key obstacle to fundamental tariff reform in many countries is the revenue loss that it ultimately implies. This paper establishes and explores a simple and practicable strategy for realizing the efficiency gains from tariff reform without reducing public revenue, showing that for a small economy a cut in import duties (respectively, export taxes) combined with a point-for-point increase in domestic consumption taxes (production taxes) increases both welfare and public revenue. Increasingly stringent conditions are required, however, to ensure unambiguously beneficial outcomes from this reform strategy when allowance is made for such important features of reality as non-tradeable final goods and tradeable intermediate inputs.     

A note on the maximum revenue tariff

This note attempts to prove that the maximum revenue tariff when the tariff revenue is measured in units of the exportable good will be higher than the maximum revenue tariff when the tariff revenue is measured in units of the importable good.     

抓住关税、退税调整后的机遇

从2006年起,机械工业将面临一些新的情况和新的问题,这些情况和问题,将对机械工业发展产生较大影响。一、进口关税和出口退税政策有所调整 1．汽车行业进口关税进一步降低经国务院批准,我国海关总署于2005 年12月27日发布公告,对《中华人民共     

Optimal tax and tariff policies with tax credits

This paper examines the optimal tax and tariff policies for a small open economy when mobile capital receives a tax credit for taxes paid to the host country. For a capital-importing country, a tax on capital equal to the source country tax rate (to capture tax revenue) combined with a subsidy to encourage capital imports is the optimal policy. Results are also derived for cases in which only one of the instruments can be varied. For a capital-exporting country that cannot reduce its capital tax rate, a subsidy to the sector using exported capital is desirable.     

The short run efficacy of monetary policy under floating exchange rates reconsidered

This paper disputes the argument that the short-run effectiveness of monetary policy in stabilizing domestic output under floating rates is necessarily reduced if elasticities of demand for imports and exports with respect to the current exchange rate are low and capital flows depend on the exchange rate. It is shown that the relative efficacy of monetary changes is determined by the interest rate elasticity of international interest payments and receipts and the effect of exchange rate variations on the demand for money in addition to the exchange rate elasticities of trade and capital flows.     

The ranking of alternative tariff and quota policies in the presence of domestic monopoly

Bhagwati demonstrated the nonequivalence between tariffs and quotas in the presence of monopoly. This paper also assumes domestic production to be monopolized and shows that giving import licenses or tariff revenues to the domestic producer may raise or lower the welfare cost of protection and the price paid by consumers from the price under other tariff and quota arrangements which maintain the same market share for the domestic producer. However, if the monopolist realizes that commercial policy is an instrument used to maximize the policymaker's welfare function, instead of being a goal in itself, the equivalence of tariffs and quotas re-emerges.     

Tokyo round tariff reductions and the less developed countries

This paper presents new evaluations of the multilateral trade negotiations from the perspectives of (1) the objectives established by GATT signatories in the Tokyo Declaration, and (2) the LDCs’ goals for the negotiations. It also attempts to resolve some of the controversy over the gains and losses which MFN tariff reductions would generate for LDC exports, some but not all of which receive preferential access to advanced-country markets. The analysis indicates that even minor improvements in tariff preferences would have been superior to or have compensated for MFN tariff cuts.