Unemployment,tariffs and the theory of international trade

In this paper, we introduce diminishing returns to scale in Brecher's model of international trade with unemployment and then investigate some issues embodied in the theory of international trade. Our principal results are that tariffs need not improve a country's terms of trade and that capital accumulation also need not result in a predictable change in the terms of trade.     

A theory of the currency denomination of international trade

The currency denomination of international trade has significant macroeconomic and policy implications. In this paper we solve for the optimal invoicing choice by integrating this microeconomic decision at the level of the firm into a general equilibrium open economy model. Strategic interactions between firms play a critical role. We find that the less competition firms face in foreign markets, as reflected in market share and product differentiation, the more likely they will price in their own currency. We also show that when a set of countries forms a monetary union, the new currency is likely to be used more extensively in trade than the sum of the currencies it replaces.     

The theorems of international trade with joint production

This paper analyzes the implications of joint production for the four basic results of the factor-endowments theory of international trade. The nature of the relationship between commodity prices and factor rewards is first elucidated in detail. It is then shown that, in sharp contrast to prevalent opinion, there is in fact a strong presumption that the basic theorems will continue to hold in essence. The paper then considers applications and extensions of the analysis to higher dimensions.     

Facilitating international production networks: The role of trade logistics

Networked trade in parts and components is more sensitive to the importer's logistics performance than is final goods trade. The difference between the two trade semi-elasticities is over 45%, which is quantitatively important. We also find that logistics performance is particularly important for trade among developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region, which is where the emergence of production networks has been most pronounced. Logistics performance is also more important for South–South trade than for South–North trade. Our results suggest that developing country policymakers can support the development of international production networks by improving trade logistics performance.     

Variable labour supply and the pure theory of international trade : An empirical note

Previous writers have shown that variable labour supply may lead to perverse price output responses in the two-sector Heckscher-Ohlin model. This note attempts to assess the empirical likelihood, as opposed to the theoretical possibility, of such perversities. Using a range of plausible parameter values, we conclude that cases of a perverse price-output response consistent with dynamic stability of the model, though theoretically possible, are unlikely to arise in practice.     

浅谈技术性贸易壁垒与中国的国际贸易

在经济全球化，国际贸易日趋激烈化的趋势下，科技日新月异，同时也随之产生了国际贸易中的又一重要手段一技术性贸易壁垒(Technical Barriers to Trade—TBT)。所谓技术性贸易壁垒，是指一国以维护国家安全，或保护人类健康和安全，保护动植物的生命和健康，保护生念环境，或防止欺诈行为，保证产品质量为由，采取一些强制性或非强制性的技术性措施，这     

Investment liberalization and international trade

This paper estimates the cross-price elasticity of exports with respect to investment costs for bilateral relations between 36 countries. We show that the effect of reducing foreign direct investment costs on exports depends on country characteristics and trade costs as predicted by the [Markusen, 1997] and [Markusen, 2002] model. When countries differ in relative factor endowments and trade costs are low, investment liberalization stimulates exports, whereas when countries are similar in terms of relative factor endowments and size, and trade costs are moderate to high, investment liberalization reduces exports.     

Dynamics and objectives of international trade

Standard international trade models universally consider maximizing the availability of inexpensive goods as the objective of international trade. They then go on to show that tariffs and other impediments to trade cause a loss of economic efficiency. Fewer goods are available in the trading nations because of the impediments. The common method of analysis is to use price / quantity curves and two-nation / two-product curves.

Here we show that international trade is far more complex. It is a vast network beyond our present ability to accurately model. It can, however, be structured as a linear program. As a linear program it has many of the characteristics of a network. The chief difference is that linear programs provide static analysis. The world trade network is dynamic. However, by structuring it as a linear program, many of the components of international trade omitted by price/ quantity and two-nation / two-product analysis can be incorporated.

An important part of any programming analysis is determination of the objective function. Several objective functions are examined, particularly with respect to employment impacts. A variable compensatory tax (VCT) is selected as a means of dealing with the dynamics and complexity of international trade. It has the potential to repatriate 6 million jobs, is simple to implement, precludes retaliation, and would bring U.S. trade into a permanent balance of ± 5%.     

不可替代的国际商展

今天的外贸与10年前有何不同？几乎没有异议,电子商务（E—commerce）的应用是近年来发生的最大变化。当电子商务成为趋势时,电子商务就成为外贸曲折的路径中最短的那条。     

Financing international trade transactions

International trade transactions present unique commercial and legal risks, and hence specialized forms of financing are required.     

EC agricultural policy and international trade

The world markets for agricultural products are in a state of crisis. This is manifested in phenomena such as record surpluses, falling incomes for farmers and constantly increasing agricultural expenditure in a number of industrial countries while, at the same time, people go hungry in many developing regions. What are the factors which have brought this situation about? What can be done to solve these problems?     

试论服务贸易在国际贸易中的发展趋势

随着产品生产、销售的进一步全球化,资本也更加国际化,服务也将进一步全球化。先进的信息技术的发展与应用也必将进一步对服务贸易的发展带来巨大的深刻的影响,国际服务贸易的发展与国际物资贸易的发展相辅相成,在技术和全球化力量的推动下,国际服务贸易出现了新的发展趋势。     

The grain trade and the failure of international control

In common with international agricultural trade in general the grain trade has remained immune to pressure for liberalization, and equally immune to suggestions of international management in the form of reserve stock holding, price floors and ceilings, or a full scale commodity agreement. What are the reasons for failure of such attempts in the past? Is there still a chance for GATT at least to minimize the adverse effects, especially on developing countries, of the present inefficient trading system?     

Economic integration agreements and the margins of international trade

One of the main policy sources of trade–cost changes is the formation of an economic integration agreement (EIA), which potentially affects an importing country's welfare. This paper: (i) provides the first evidence using gravity equations of both intensive and extensive (goods) margins being affected by EIAs employing a panel data set with a large number of country pairs, product categories, and EIAs from 1962 to 2000; (ii) provides the first evidence of the differential (partial) effects of various “types” of EIAs on these intensive and extensive margins of trade; and (iii) finds a novel differential “timing” of the two margins' (partial) effects with intensive-margin effects occurring sooner than extensive-margin effects, consistent with recent theoretical predictions. The results are robust to correcting for potential sample-selection, firm-heterogeneity, and reverse causality biases.     

我国国际服务贸易竞争力分析

随着我国经济的不断发展,在经济发展的质量上开始投入越来越多的关注,服务贸易作为对外贸易里面日益重要的一块,其发展结构和状态需要受到更多的重视.本文根据波特的钻石模型,从现状出发,分析影响我国服务贸易的各种因素,以及各因素相互之间的关系,解析我国服务贸易的国际竞争力,提出有利于发挥服务贸易竞争力的政策建议.     

环境与贸易:国际贸易主体间的博弈与融合

针对发展中国家与发达国家在环境保护和贸易利益方面存在严重分歧,本文采用博弈论中著名的囚徒困境模型,对国际贸易主体间就环境与贸易间的博弈进行了相关研究,研究结果表明,环境壁垒与对外贸易之间并不是一对不可调和的矛盾,贸易双方在环境与贸易中存在着两个稳定的纳什均衡。只要两个贸易主体在贸易和环境领域的全面合作,两者均可从贸易和环境中获得收益。     

关于国际贸易企业风险管理的探讨

国际贸易竞争越来越激烈,市场经营呈多元化趋势,支付方式各种各样,买卖双方信誉度低,企业经营不善,国际诈骗集团数量多,在这种局势下,国际贸易企业面临的风险越来越多.本文从国际贸易企业管理的现状和存在的问题进行分析,找出了一些应对分析的措施,为广大国际贸易企业风险管理政策提供参考.