Venture Capital Investment Duration

This paper examines cross‐country evidence on the duration of venture capital (VC) investment. We formulate a theory of VC investment duration based on the idea that venture capitalists exit when the expected marginal cost of maintaining the investment is greater than the expected marginal benefit, and thereby relate VC investment duration to entrepreneurial firm characteristics, investor characteristics, deal characteristics, and institutional and market conditions. VC investment duration data in Canada and the United States lend strong support to the theoretical predictions developed herein.     

透镜模型和创业投资决策

本文对透镜模型和基于其模型框架基础之上的投资决策模型进行了研究,总结了各种模型和研究方法的优缺点,并提出了研究中国创业投资决策模型的重要意义。     

Cross‐Border Mergers and Differences in Corporate Governance

We examine whether corporate governance differences affect firm valuation in cross‐border mergers. We find that takeover premiums are decreasing in the quality of the foreign acquirer's home country governance for deals completed with stock, suggesting that the acquirers compensate target shareholders for the resulting exposure to inferior corporate governance regimes. Correspondingly, we find that the acquiring firm stockholders' abnormal returns at the merger announcement are increasing in the quality of corporate governance for stock offers. Finally, we find that foreign acquirers from countries with better corporate governance are more likely to make stock offers.     

金融发展、制度质量与国际证券资本流动

本文以47个经济体2000-2016年的数据为样本,利用迭代GMM方法在规模和波动双视角下研究了金融发展和制度质量对国际证券资本流动的影响及其机制,并在此基础上进一步考察了这一影响在不同类型经济体以及不同种类国际证券资本中的异质性,估计结果如下.(1)金融发展有利于国际证券资本流动规模的增加,但未显著降低其波动风险,制度质量在吸引和稳定国际证券资本流动方面均发挥了积极作用.(2)当资本账户开放处于较高水平时,金融发展在吸引国际证券投资方面的作用较强,在稳定国际证券投资方面的作用较弱.(3)高制度质量通过改进主权信用评级影响了国际证券资本流动.(4)异质性结果表明,从不同类型经济体看,发达经济体的金融发展促进了国际证券资本流动规模的增加,新兴经济体的金融发展降低了国际证券资本流动的波动风险,而发达经济体的制度质量在吸引和稳定国际证券资本流动方面均比新兴经济体发挥了更重要的作用;从国际证券资本种类看,金融发展增加了股权资本流动的波动风险,制度质量在吸引和稳定债券资本流动方面均发挥了积极作用.因此,中国需要继续完善金融体系,不断提升制度质量,同时注意防范资本账户开放过程中可能出现的金融风险传染和金融不稳定对国际证券资本流动的冲击.     

浙江民间资本投资模式与制度构建研究

浙江民间资本丰富,但却存在民间资本投资难和中小企业融资难并存的"两难"困境。究其原因,主要是中小企业融资渠道单一,民间资本投资渠道狭隘,民间资本投资游离于实业之外,民间资本投资体系风险不断加大等。浙江省迫切需要从规范民间资本投资的基本运作模式入手,将民间资本有效转化成产业资本,积极促进小额贷款公司发展,提升民间借贷登记服务中心运行效率。同时还要加强民间资本投资监管的制度构建,从而促使民间资本投资阳光化、规范化、合法化。     

国有中小企业引进风险投资初探

风险投资在为企业发展和开发新技术提供资金方面有重要的作用。国有中小企业引进风险投资,可以为企业提供所需资金,使企业得到发展。国有中小企业应利用风险投资促进企业发展和技术创新。国有中小企业引进风险投资还存在着一些问题,国有中小企业引进风险投资较少。     

我国风险投资业的发展现状、问题及建议

通过对我国风险投资发展现状的分析,本文从宏观环境和微观运营等角度,指出了我国风险投资发展中存在风险投资主体严重缺乏,投资规模较小,缺少风险投资运作的法律环境支持,参与各方对风险投资的认识和理念还不成熟,资本市场不完善和资本趋利的流动性不足制约风险投资的发展等问题,并提出了可供借鉴的国际经验及对我国风险投资发展的建议。     

Economic Freedom and Cross‐Border Acquisitions from Emerging Markets into Developed Economies

Extending the home base perspective by considering investors' parent countries, this study examines the effect of economic freedom (EF) on emerging‐market enterprises' (EMEs) overseas acquisition completion in developed countries. Using a large data set of 5,174 cross‐border acquisition deals from ten major emerging markets (EMs) during 1985–2011, we find that (1) the probability of deal completion is positively associated with the levels of EF of the acquirers' countries, the acquirers' parent and the target; (2) the EF of the countries of acquirers' parents has a substitutive effect on that of the acquirers' countries; (3) the difference of EF between the targets' countries and the countries of acquirers' parents negatively influences deal completion; and (4) the difference of EF between the targets' countries and the acquirers' countries negatively influences deal completion. These findings have important theoretical implications for international business scholars, as well as practical implications for managers and for policymakers of EMEs that are active in foreign direct investment. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Unpacking Institutional Distance: Addressing Human Capital Development and Emerging‐Market Firms’ Ownership Strategy in an Advanced Economy

As latecomers to global business competition, emerging‐market multinational companies (EMNCs) utilize cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) to quickly acquire strategic assets, resulting in an improved competitive position. Advanced markets with well‐established firms and well‐developed market‐supporting institutions become particularly important destinations for EMNCs’ foreign operations. Institutional distance, which represents conflicting legitimacy requirements between the host and home institutional environments, is expected to be negatively associated with the foreign acquirer's ownership position. The current study examines a sample of EMNCs’ cross‐border M&As in the United States between 2005 and 2011 and reveals the unique nature of EMNCs’ ownership strategies. Taking both formal and informal institutions into consideration, our findings suggest that EMNCs originating in countries with lower levels of human capital development may have more urgency in seeking ownership control in advanced markets and are less influenced by the negative association of institutional distance in their ownership strategy. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

促进贵州省创业风险投资发展的政策思考

完善的法律法规制度是创业风险投资业得以顺利、规范发展的基本保障。通过对国内促进创业风险投资发展的相关政策分析,建议要加快贵州省创业风险投资业发展,贵州省应尽快出台相关促进贵州创业风险投资发展的政策,并提出了政策的具体内容。     

Cross‐Border M&As by Chinese Companies in Advanced Countries: Antecedents and Implications

Theoretically grounded in the ownership, location, and internalization (OLI) paradigm and institutional theory, this article investigates major macro‐level factors that determine cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (CBMAs) by Chinese firms in developed markets. Using panel data of Chinese CBMA deals in developed markets from 1996 to 2012, we found that market size, natural resources, and strategic assets of host advanced economies positively affected the number of Chinese CBMAs in the developed markets. With regard to institutional variables, the overall economic freedom of host countries positively affected Chinese CBMAs, whereas the host government effectiveness negatively influenced the number of Chinese CBMAs. Furthermore, the above hypothesized effects were significantly strengthened by the home country's government involvement mainly through ownership. Finally, we found that significant factors to explain Chinese overall outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) are not necessarily applicable to explain Chinese CBMAs. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Disentangling the Value Creation Mechanism in Cross‐Border Acquisitions: A Process‐Oriented Approach

This study investigates the value creation mechanism in cross‐border acquisitions (CBAs) by employing a structural equation modeling technique and surveying 103 CBAs performed by Nordic firms. The results reveal that resource possession, resource picking, and resource utilization are three important strategic dimensions for realizing synergy and creating value in CBAs. Furthermore, mediation analysis shows that the two acquisition‐based dynamic capabilities—value identification and resource reconfiguration—act as important mediators in how the joining firms’ resource base impacts acquisition outcomes. The results shed light on the mechanisms through which the constructs influence value creation in CBAs and highlight the procedural and dynamic character of these determinants. The results also indicate that an integrative and process perspective, such as the “input‐process‐output” model proposed in this study, is an important step forward in merger and acquisition (M&A) research. Moreover, numerous research findings offer tactical implications for international acquirers. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

The Capital Gains Tax: A Curse but Also a Blessing for Venture Capital Investment

Our study analyzes the effect of the capital gains tax on the individual investment decisions of venture capitalists. By doing so, we are able to study the decisions for a sample of 61,558 funding rounds in 32 countries from 2000 to 2012. Our results support the predictions of the theoretical model that higher capital gains tax rates are associated with fewer start‐ups financed and a lower probability of receiving follow‐up funding. However, the results concerning the effect on the probability of success of start‐ups show that a higher tax burden is associated with a higher probability of eventual start‐up success.     

人口老龄化、资本供求与国际直接投资流动

人口老龄化已经成为全球普遍现象,而东道国的劳动供给和资本供求是企业进行国际化经营时考虑的重要因素。文章基于世代交叠模型(OLG),分析了人口老龄化对国际直接投资流动的影响。理论研究表明,人口老龄化导致劳动人口减少和居民储蓄增加,其从资本需求和资本供给两个渠道,同时引起国际直接投资净流入减少。基于1970～2019年国别面板数据的实证研究显示,人口老龄化会显著抑制国际直接投资净流入,运用静态面板回归方法和动态面板回归方法得到的实证结果均显著。此外,越发达国家的人口老龄化对国际直接投资净流入的抑制作用越明显。提高人口生育率有利于缓解人口老龄化对国际直接投资净流入的抑制作用。     

外资风险投资在中国内地投资影响因素研究

借用国际生产折衷理论,并结合不确定性理论研究影响外资风险投资决策的因素,结果发现:当中国内地与投资国(地区)的创业水平越高、文化差异越小时,外资风险投资的投资可能性越高;创业水平越高,投资规模和数量越大;文化差异越大,外资风险投资的数量越多.本文建议进一步改善中国内地创业环境,以更多地吸引外资风险投资,提高企业创新动力,推进优质企业国际化.     

The Effect of Cross‐Border Mergers and Acquisitions on Earnings Quality: Evidence from China

Despite the fruitful research on the motives and outcomes of cross‐border mergers and acquisitions (M&As) of Chinese multinational corporations (MNCs), there has been scant research on the impact of cross‐border M&As on corporate governance. In this article, we fill the research gap by exploring whether cross‐border M&As may lead to an improvement in corporate governance of Chinese acquirers. In particular, we examine the impact of cross‐border M&As on earnings quality of Chinese MNCs. We find that the acquisition of a target firm from a developed country leads to a significant improvement on the acquirer's earnings quality. In comparison, the acquisition of a target from an emerging market does not have such an impact. Our results are robust to various corporate governance measures, alternative econometric methods, and controls of relevant firm characteristics and macroeconomic variables. Finally, we show that the effect of cross‐border M&As on earnings quality is more pronounced in non‐state‐owned enterprises (non‐SOEs) that have conducted large M&A deals. Our article offers new insight to the international business literature on latecomer perspective and liability of foreignness. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Light‐Touch Integration of Chinese Cross‐Border M&A: The Influences of Culture and Absorptive Capacity

As a major entry mode of global strategy of Chinese MNCs, Chinese cross‐border merger and acquisition (M&A) is still a less understood phenomenon, in particular the post acquisition phase. This study contributes to this rising, important and interesting phenomenon utilizing an explorative research method. By integrating synergy potential, culture influences and the learning perspective, we suggest a multilevel perspective in understanding Chinese cross‐border M&A. A novel post acquisition integration approach, namely light‐touch integration, is investigated, and supported by newly assembled empirical evidence in the context of Chinese M&A in Germany. Light‐touch integration essentially synthesizes the preservation and symbiosis integration approaches due to the contextual characteristics of Chinese cross‐border M&A, such as cultural influences and the learning perspective. Understanding the cultural and learning influences can facilitate and smooth the activities involved in the post acquisition phase. The light‐touch integration approach offers ample opportunities for joint collaborations between and mutual benefits for acquiring firms, acquired targets and third party organizations. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.