Productivity,Economic Growth and the Middle Income Trap： Implications for China

This paper explores the middle income trap （MIT） concept from the perspective of productivity growth. Through the examination of cross-country historical statistics as well as China＇s regional data, it sheds light on the debate about whether the Chinese economy can avoid the middle income trap. It should be one of the first papers proposing an analytical framework to address this controversial issue. The findings should have important implications for economic policies guiding China＇s development in the coming decades.     

“中等收入陷阱”的提出、产生诱因及我国面临的挑战

我国经过35年的改革开放,社会生产力迈上一个大台阶,人民生活水平迈上一个大台阶,综合国力也迈上一个大台阶。但是,影响我国经济社会长期健康发展的体制性、结构性矛盾依然存在,在一些重点领域和关键环节的改革还未取得真正突破。我国面临着经济要素成本上升、比较优势逐渐弱化、创新驱动能力不足、收入分配差距扩大等问题,"中等收入陷阱"直面而来。以中长期可持续发展的观点审视能否有效破解"中等收入陷阱",是我国新一轮改革开放能否成功、继而实现党的"十八大"提出的"两个一百年"奋斗目标的关键点,需引起社会各方面的广泛关注和深入研究。     

“比较优势陷阱”与中部地区经济增长

就地区经济增长而言,丰裕的自然资源既存在比较优势的促进作用,又存在比较优势弱势化的约束作用。因而自然资源对中部地区经济增长的影响,不仅要看到其促进作用,更要关注其约束作用。中部地区既要充分发挥自然资源的比较优势,更要消除其约束作用,促使经济健康快速发展。     

我国广义农业经济增长的要素贡献研究——基于面板数据模型的实证分析

通过对2000年到2005年大陆除西藏外30个省份广义农业经济增长的研究,发现广义技术进步在农业经济增长中贡献最大,农业经济增长存在规模经济报酬递减现象。规模经济报酬递减与农业本身分工困难有关。因此,促进农业经济增长应大力推进技术进步,建立健全农业社会化服务体系,拉长产业链条,实现规模经济报酬递增。     

Post‐Malthusian Dynamics in Pre‐Industrial Scandinavia

Theories of economic growth hypothesize that the transition from pre‐industrial stagnation to sustained growth is associated with a post‐Malthusian phase in which technological progress raises income and spurs population growth while offsetting diminishing returns to labor. Evidence suggests that England was characterized by post‐Malthusian dynamics preceding the Industrial Revolution. However, given England's special position as the forerunner of the Industrial Revolution, it is unclear if a transitory post‐Malthusian period is a general phenomenon. Using data from Denmark, Norway, and Sweden, this research provides evidence for the existence of a post‐Malthusian phase in the transition from stagnation to growth in Scandinavia.     

Industry and the Family: Two Engines of Growth

We generalize the class of endogenous growth models in which the scale of the economy has level rather than growth effects, and study the implications of different demographic and technological factors when both fertility choice and research effort are endogenous. The model incorporates two dimensions of technological progress: vertical (quality of goods) and horizontal (variety of goods). Both dimensions contribute to productivity growth but are driven by different processes and hence respond differently to changes in fundamentals. Specifically, while unbounded vertical progress is feasible, the scale of the economy limits the variety of goods. Incorporating a linearity in reproduction generates steady-state population growth and variety expansion. We thus have two engines of growth generating dynamics that we compare with observed changes in demographics, market structure, and patterns of growth. Numerical solutions yield the important insight that, while endogenous, fertility responds very little to industrial policies. Demographic shocks, in contrast, have substantial effects on growth.     

从全要素生产率增长看经济增长方式的变化

中国全要素生产率增长的变化主要经历了三个阶段.20世纪80年代的波动增长期,90年代的稳定发展期和2000年以后的下降恢复期.就各要素对经济增长的贡献来说,资本投入的贡献是推动中国经济增长的主要动力,平均占到46.90%;劳动投入的贡献较为稳定,但水平相对较低,只有17.36%;全要素生产率的贡献平均维持在35.75%的水平.因此,从整体来看,中国经济增长的方式仍然没有摆脱效率较低的粗放型增长,但其趋势是向着集约型增长发展.     

Pursuing Problems in Growth

This paper explores the theoretical implications of Schmooklers (1966) argument that a key determinant of technological change is the usefulness of new technologies. There is both historical and empirical support for his argument. The analysis implies that on-going growth depends delicately on a tension between uses for solutions to technological problems and the allocation of resources toward pursuing those solutions. Even alongside an endogenously increasing number of problems pursued, increasing research labor need not increase technology growth or per capita income growth. The results provide reconciliation of stylized facts regarding technological change and growth in the United States and Western Europe.     

经济增长与银行的合约选择

由于信息不对称对资本积累过程的影响,为了维持足够的经济增长速度,银行必须考虑签订消除贷款人与借款人之间信息不对称的合约,让更多的可贷资金流向生产性投资,推动经济走向更高的资本积累路径。     

四川省全要素生产率的测算及分析

本文运用索洛余值法计算了1978—2007年四川省全要素生产率,对四川省的产出增长进行了分阶段分解和源泉核算。研究发现,四川省经济增长主要依靠要素投入。因此,要转变当前四川省的经济增长方式,就要进行科技创新和制度创新,同时加快农村劳动力转移和产业结构调整。     

跨越“中等收入陷阱”影响因素的实证分析

借助面板固定效应模型,对33个后发追赶经济体的宏观经济运行数据和结构性指标进行了实证比较。结果表明:成功跨越"中等收入陷阱"的经济体主要依靠服务业发展和全要素生产率提升拉动经济增长,而收入分配较公平、政府治理能力强也是跨越"中等收入陷阱"的重要保障条件;陷入"中等收入陷阱"的经济体长期过度依赖投资和要素投入拉动经济增长,且贫富悬殊、权力腐败问题突出导致政府治理能力削弱、经济发展缺乏动力、经济指标长期徘徊不前。指出后发经济体须针对这些因素进行相应改革,方能成功跨越"中等收入陷阱"。     

非线性增长与经济增长动力转换

采用时变马尔科夫区制转换模型,分析了不同投入要素在不同经济增长阶段对经济增长贡献的差异,以及影响经济在不同区制之间跃迁的关键因素。研究发现:在三类经济增速区间内,人力资本投入对经济增长的拉动效应最强,在推动经济从中速增长向高速增长转移的过程中发挥重要作用;帮助经济跨越"中等收入陷阱"的关键在于提高物质资本和人力资本投资的匹配度,使物质资本和人力资本的流动与产业集聚和城市化发展一致、与技术创新能力提升配合;渐进式转型有利于平滑增长路径,降低向高收入均衡收敛的临界值。     

关于中国经济增长与全要素生产率的理论思考

针对中国的经济增长仅仅依赖于投入驱动的观点 ,本文首先介绍了经济增长的相关理论 ,随后提出了四点中国经济存在效率提升的证据。接着在回顾测算全要素生产率的方法的基础上 ,本文提出新兴经济在测算全要素生产率上要与发达国家不同 ,并指出了具体方法     

The Possibility and Approaches to an Upper Middle Growth Rate

This article discusses the challenges facing China’s economy and assesses the likelihood of China falling into the “middle-income trap.” In the view of this author, an upper middle growth rate of 6.5% to 7% can be achieved if China undertakes further economic reforms in the areas of agriculture, household registration system, urbanization and social insurance system.     

Endogenous Growth Cycles in Continuous Time

The endogenous dynamics of a closed constant returns multi-market economy are examined in which agents face downward sloping demand. The trigger for growth in this model is a technological change that warrants costly adjustment in input quantities by agents. In the resulting dynamic game, relative prices within markets remain constant. Consequently, all own price elasticities are constant. In markets characterized by lower cost of capital the unique outcome is collusion in which agents do not incur adjustment cost and there is no adoption of new technology. But in other markets a unique non-cooperative equilibrium exists in which agents do incur the cost of adopting the new technology. Only three specifications of adjustment costs are feasible. Output increases along an S-shaped time path with or without a non-explosive cyclical component.     

Wealth Heterogeneity and Escape from the Poverty–Environment Trap

A mutual link between poverty and environmental degradation is examined in an overlapping generations model. Environmental quality affects labor productivity and wealth dynamics, whereas wealth distribution determines the degree to which agents rely on technology that has a large environmental load, and therefore the evolution of environmental quality. This interaction creates a “poverty–environment trap,” where a deteriorated environment lowers income, which, in turn, accelerates environmental degradation. We show that greater wealth heterogeneity is the key to escaping from the poverty–environment trap, although it can have negative effects on both the environment and output when not in the trap.     

科技创新促进长株潭经济增长的微观机理研究

经济与科技是现代社会的两大杠杆,科技创新与经济增长有着密切的内生联系。本文通过分析科技创新对长株潭经济增长的微观传导机制与促进区域经济持续增长的科技创新机制进行分析,得出结论：科技创新是区域经济高速增长的内生驱动器,加快构建长株潭一体经济快速增长的科技创新孵化体系,加大科技投入、扶持企业自主创新、发挥产业集群的协同优势、增强聚集效应、创造科技创新扩散机制是长株潭经济增长的必然选择。     

科技型人才聚集对区域经济增长收敛的影响分析

已有研究关于区域经济增长收敛方面的文献发现,目前学者们对拥有高新知识、掌握先进技能的科技型人才在区域经济增长中的作用缺乏系统的分析。本文在科技型人才聚集效应分析和卢卡斯人力资本外部性模型的基础上引入了科技型人才概念和科技型人力资本经济增长模型,通过样本数据分析了1978～2006年科技型人力资本与区域经济增长的内在联系,得出知识经济时代科技型人才聚集既是影响区域经济增长的重要因素也是影响区域经济增长收敛的关键性因素,并提出相关的政策建议。     

Stability of M2 money demand function in industrial countries

In this article, we set out a model of labour productivity which distinguishes between shocks which change productivity permanently and shocks which have transient affects on productivity. We show that this model is a type of unobserved components model – a random walk with drift plus noise model. The advantage of this approach is that it provides a coherent framework to identify the deterministic trend growth component and also the productivity enhancing (or technology related) stochastic components. The model is applied to aggregate labour productivity in Australia and the time series of technology shocks extracted is used to shed some light on the contributions of policy reforms to productivity.     

中国未来不同生育水平下的经济增长后果比较研究

对中国未来90年不同生育水平下的经济增长后果进行了人口-经济动态模拟。在生育水平过低导致劳动力减少过快、人口老龄化过重、劳动负担加重的情况下,将使经济增长大大放缓;而较高的生育水平下,虽然经济增长速度略快,但是人均GDP增长速度慢于中方案生育水平下的经济增长,并且人均GDP水平也具有较大差异。完善当前生育政策,使生育水平稳定在1.9-2.0之间,如此人口在本世纪缓慢地减少也将有利于我国的经济增长和人均生活水平的提高。同时,在低生育水平下,依靠劳动增加和资本积累的粗放型经济增长将不复存在,经济发展方式转变是必然选择,技术创新、技术进步将是未来经济增长首要源泉。