The impact of Fisher's Purchasing Power of Money in the German Language Area

Abstract

The paper focuses on the reception of Fisher's Purchasing Power of Money in the German language area. Despite widespread hostility of German economists to quantity theory, it was Germany where Wicksell's Interest and Prices was published in 1898, and the first foreign language translation of Fisher's book appeared in 1916. The hyperinflation in the early 1920s contributed to a greater interest in Fisher's approach. Among those economists who took the equation of exchange not only as a heuristic device, but also made some notable contributions themselves were Schumpeter, Marschak and Neisser.     

从价值论到价格论--经济学主题的比较与演变分析

本通过分析经济思想史中价值论的演变，在方法论层面比较了劳动价值论和效用价值论、均衡价格论，在现实困境和理论冲突的双重关照下，指出了以资源配置为研究核心之主流经济学的局限，并由此昭示了21世纪经济学主题进一步变迁的可能路向。     

汇率非线性因素在部分亚洲货币汇率中的特征——检验购买力平价论的新方法

当真实汇率运动实际上是非线性过程,而假设它为线性时,那么检验购买力评价理论的标准单位根检验通常是低效力的。文章运用带有单位根的门限自回归模型模拟了包括中国在内的6个亚洲主要新兴市场国家货币兑美元的真实汇率,发现它们都具有较强的非线性,说明了传统的线性方法不再具备模拟真实汇率的能力,且除人民币以外的其他5种货币的真实汇率都表现出了平稳非线性特征,在异动时期具有均值回归的趋势。周期性的金融危机是导致中国以外的其他5个国家货币的真实汇率出现异动的主要因素。人民币真实汇率的非线性行为则表现出了与其他国家不同的特点,导致它出现异动的主要因素为人民币对内和对外价格的相互背离,人民币真实汇率没有表现出向均值调整的趋势,甚至在异动时期呈现了向均值偏离的趋势。     

Testing for the presence of some features of increasing returns to adoption factors in energy system dynamics: An analysis via the learning curve approach

The purpose of this paper is to explain the sources of energy system lock-in. It presents a comparative analysis of the respective contributions of some features of increasing returns to adoption factors, i.e. learning-by-doing, learning-by-searching and returns to scale effects in explaining the technological change dynamics in the energy system. The paper is technically based on a critical analysis of the learning curve approach. Econometric estimation of learning and scale effects inherent to seven energy technologies were performed by the use of several learning curve specifications. These specifications permit to deal with some crucial issues related to the learning curve estimation which are associated with the problem of omitted variable bias, the endogeneity effects and the choice of learning indicators. Results show that dynamic economies from learning effects coupled with static economies from scale effects are responsible for the lock-in phenomena of the energy system. They also show that the magnitude of such effects is correlated with the technology life cycle (maturity). In particular, results point out that, 1) the emerging technologies exhibit low learning rates associated with diseconomies of scale which are argued to be symptomatic of the outset of the deployment of new technologies characterized by diffusion barriers and high level of uncertainty, 2) the evolving technologies present rather high learning rates meaning that they respond quickly to capacity expansion and R&D activities development, 3) conventional mature technologies display low learning rates but increasing returns to scale implying that they are characterized by a limited additional diffusion prospects.     

民国遗产税制度思想之演进*--从分遗产税制到总遗产税制

发端于清末的中国遗产税制度思想,历经北洋政府时期、国民政府前期和国民政府后期的发展,具有明显的阶段性特征,并最终促成了遗产税制度在中国的实施。文章将思想界的活动与政府决策综合起来考虑,系统地梳理了民国遗产税制度思想的发展历程及其特征。研究发现：（1）民国时期思想界对遗产税制度建设的讨论遵循了三个原则,即公平原则、国情原则和可行性原则。（2）民国遗产税制度思想的演进过程,实为国人从本国国情出发,对税制公平性和可行性的权衡过程。（3）20世纪30年代中期以前,思想界在遗产税制度模式的选择上明显倾向于分遗产税制;而到了国民政府后期,总遗产税制最终得到了大多数人的认可。因此,民国时期的遗产税制度思想演进过程,是一个从注重公平性向注重可行性的转变过程。这是民国遗产税制度思想臻于成熟的表现。文章不仅是对近代中国财政思想研究的拓展和深化,还能为我国当前的遗产税制度建设提供有益的借鉴。