Heritage tourism and livelihood sustainability of a resettled rural community: Mount Sanqingshan World Heritage Site,China

Tourism and related development can lead to the displacement and resettlement of communities, disrupting local livelihood systems, socio-political processes and organizations. However, limited attention has been paid to community resettlement in the tourism context. Taking Yinhuwan village at Mount Sanqingshan World Heritage Site in China as an example, this study examines the results of tourism and resettlement on the livelihoods of this rural community and the extent to which tourism-related livelihood strategies contribute to community livelihood sustainability. A sustainable livelihood framework is adopted to guide the analysis. Face-to-face in-depth interviews were conducted with management officials, community leaders and village residents through three field investigations in 2013. It was found that traditional livelihood methods have been largely replaced by tourism, which has become the primary livelihood strategy for the resettled community. Despite current economic benefits, high dependency on tourism-related opportunities as the single livelihood option may diminish the sustainability of local livelihoods. The current resettlement plan highlights short-term economic impacts on the affected community, overlooking their socio-cultural concerns and long-term livelihood sustainability. Possible measures are discussed to diversify livelihood options and mitigate potential challenges for the affected community so as to ensure their long-term benefits and increase future options.     

Tourism as a Mechanism for Farm Survival

This case study explores the linkages between tourism, community and development forces in the peri-urban zones of Sydney, Australia. The Hawkesbury Harvest Farm Gate Trail (HHFGT) emerged as a response to market, development, settlement and consumer pressures threatening the survival of farming in the region, together with connections to community health initiatives in food access, safety, security and quality that were spawned by the Healthy Cities programme and Agenda 21. The interaction created between farmers and tourists involved new challenges for farmers in production, marketing and service provision. Although challenging, community-based initiatives like the Farm Gate Trail are shown to hold great potential for sustainable development and sustainable tourism despite the attendant risks associated with small-scale, intensive agriculture, tourism management issues and the land use conflicts that are created when town and country meet in the urban fringe areas of major metropolises.     

The effects of tourism development on rural livelihoods in the Okavango Delta,Botswana

The Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) program in Botswana aims to achieve biodiversity conservation and rural development in rich biodiversity areas like the Okavango Delta. CBNRM assumes that if rural communities derive benefits from natural resources, they will be obliged to use such resources sustainably. Using the sustainable livelihoods framework, this study analyzes the effects of tourism development through CBNRM on rural livelihoods at Khwai, Sankoyo and Mababe in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, using primary and secondary data sources. Results of long-term surveys and in-depth interviews indicate that the three communities have forgone traditional livelihood activities such as hunting and gathering, livestock and crop farming to participate in tourism through CBNRM. Livelihoods in these villages have been improved as a result. Basic needs such as shelter, employment and income and social services like water supply systems, transportation, scholarships and payment of funeral expenses are now provided to community members and funded with income from CBNRM. Social capital has been built up in order to agree, manage and develop the CBNRM process. These results show that tourism development in these villages is achieving its goal of improved livelihoods, contradicting claims that community development projects are failing to achieve rural development.     

从“社区参与”走向“社区增权”——西方“旅游增权”理论研究述评

增权是目的地获得可持续发展的重要前提.缺乏关于政治和权力关系的分析,仅将社区参与作为一个经济和技术过程而不是政治过程,是当前社区参与旅游发展在实践中不能取得真正进步的原因.本文对西方增权理论以及旅游研究中有关增权的研究成果进行了介绍和分析,认为旅游增权这一新兴理论的提出必将对未来发展中国家的旅游实践产生深刻的影响.文章剖析了西方旅游研究者仅仅关注于社区增权模式的局限性,提出个人增权先于社区增权的观点,并指出在把增权理论应用于中国的旅游实践时,除了西方学者倡导的信息增权和教育增权外,还需要将增权的范围扩展到\"个人权利\"的增进和制度增权,通过国家政治制度的建设保障个人权利和社区增权的合法性.     

生计资本视角下大都市近郊区农民旅游创业的影响因素——以北京市怀柔区莲花池村为例

十九大报告明确指出,促进农村一二三产业融合发展,支持和鼓励农民就业创业,拓宽增收渠道。乡村旅游是农民创业的热点行业,也是乡村振兴的重要举措。本研究以北京市怀柔区旅游山村莲花池村为例,利用半结构式访谈及田野调研资料,基于扎根理论分析了农民旅游创业的行动逻辑及影响因素,建立了创业者特征、创业条件以及创业环境3个主范畴下农民旅游创业的影响因素理论模型,采用二元logistic回归分析方法,从是否旅游创业、是否存续的角度,讨论了农民旅游创业因素作用的动态变化。研究发现：（1）农民旅游创业决策模型分为创业者与创业条件两个维度。其中,创业条件包括家庭人力资本、物质资本和社会资本;（2）农民旅游创业存在女性化、年轻化趋向,家庭劳动能力、道路便捷性是进行创业的先决条件,家庭社交支出、创业者周围人群以及区域大环境是创业存续的促进条件;（3）农民旅游创业主导因素由个体因素转为外部社会化因素。     

社区营造与乡村旅游社区韧性培育研究——以四川省成都市蒲江县明月村为例

社区韧性是乡村社会应对不确定风险冲击和挑战的一种变化、适应和改变的能力。在城市化和现代化建设进程中,乡村旅游社区作为乡村振兴的重要空间载体,如何保持社区韧性以实现更好的发展值得探讨。文章以成都蒲江明月村为例,通过对明月村以社区营造为主的乡村建设实践进行分析,探讨社区营造与社区韧性培育之间的关系。研究表明,当前的社区营造在一定程度上增强了明月村的社会空间韧性,促进了居民适应性学习和创新能力的形成。但在面对更远的将来,社区营造还需要进行优化,以便更好地促进乡村旅游社区韧性提升。     

“失海”渔民旅游生计转型影响因素与应对策略

休闲渔业是“失海”渔民生计转型的重要方向之一。探究由“渔”转“游”的生计转型,对重构“人-渔”关系具有重要的理论价值和实践意义。本研究以推拉理论模型和可持续生计框架为基础,分析象山县“失海”渔民旅游生计转型的影响因素,探讨渔民如何基于自身生计资本选择转型应对策略。研究发现,渔业生计模式中自然资本功能变化、人力资本变迁、物质资本升级更迭、文化资本失效形成的推力和旅游生计模式中政策性便利、工作环境改善、家庭关系优化、海洋情结维护形成的拉力是“失海”渔民旅游生计转型的主导影响因素;“失海”渔民生计资本构成要素包括自然资本、人力资本、物质资本、社会资本、金融资本和心理资本,其中,“心理资本”缺位是渔民旅游生计转型的重要障碍;依据生计资本占有类型与数量,“失海”渔民旅游生计转型表现为回避型、尝试型、专注型和变革型4种应对策略。本研究拓展了生计资本理论应用场景,验证了“失海”渔民通过旅游实现生计转型的可行性与独特价值。     

Consulting communities: using audience response system (ARS) technology to assess community preferences for sustainable recreation and tourism development

Audience response system (ARS) technology (also known as “clickers”) has emerged as an educational tool that promotes active learning. This paper describes how ARS works and how it can also be used in research to assess community preferences for tourism development. A case study that used ARS technology shows how stakeholder preferences for extraction, heritage tourism and recreation within two rural mountain economies in the US west were effectively assessed. The use of ARS was backed by situation assessment procedures to determine appropriate stimulus questions probing trade-offs, perceived costs/benefits and cultural fit. A detailed series of key results measured community preferences and were made available to guide policymaking and future empirical survey work. Public meeting arrangements, publicity, structure and moderation for the ARS work is described and discussed. Evaluation of the use of ARS technology showed high levels of participant satisfaction with both the technology and the situation assessment procedures, and the emergence of potential tourism development actions.     

A Cross-cultural Analysis of Tourism and Quality of Life Perceptions

Models of sustainable tourism consider not only the aspects of the physical environment but also the dimensions of the social and cultural environment of destinations. During the past two decades a number of researchers have made the case that local residents must be involved in tourism development decisions if support for, and thereby sustainability of, the industry is to be maintained. Minority ethnic and racial groups, however, are often differentially influenced by tourism within a community. This study investigates the differences between Hispanic and Anglo residents with respect to their perceptions of tourism and quality of life framed with the context of ethnicity marginality theory.     

关于社区参与旅游发展的若干理论思考

实施可持续发展战略是中国旅游业发展的必然选择。除了包含经济的发展、环境的保护、社会的进步等内容外,可持续发展更需要一种发展理念和评判依据。社区参与旅游发展就是旅游可持续发展宏观系统中不可或缺的机制。本文试从这一角度出发,在提出社区参与的概念的基础上,探讨参与所涉及的不同层面及参与的内在机理,并针对目前中国实施社区参与旅游发展存在的问题提出实现社区参与旅游发展的方法和措施,旨在为旅游发展方针、政策的制定提供决策依据。     

Flagship Attractions and Sustainable Rural Tourism Development: The Case of the Alnwick Garden,England

This paper proposes an alternative approach to rural tourism that returns to a more traditional model of development: large, flagship attractions that act as a ‘growth pole’ for the local economy and community. It questions some of the accepted beliefs about sustainable rural tourism development current in recent years. It is based on a case study of Alnwick Garden in Northumberland, England. It suggests that, under certain circumstances, flagship or mega-attractions can not only increase substantially the number of visitors to rural areas but also, through appropriate policies and processes, can underpin the longer-term, sustainable development of those areas.