Rhetoric and hegemony in consumptive wildlife tourism: polarizing sustainability discourses among angling tourism stakeholders

Nature-based tourism frequently results in controversies over access rights, but also over how resources should be managed and utilized. In this article, we explore disagreements on management strategies and angling practices, which followed in the wake of the gradual introduction of increasingly strict harvest regulations in salmon angling in the Orkla River of Norway. Different views on what represent the most severe threats to the salmon stock appeared in this case to originate in rather complex patterns with respect to the ways stakeholders related to and engaged with salmon, rivers and nature in general. The identification of incompatible goals and motives of various categories of stakeholders has for long been a dominant approach in research on these types of conflicts. In this contribution, we broaden the scope by exploring how such controversies involve competition for hegemony with respect to how management and angling practices should be discursively framed.     

制度增权:社区参与旅游发展之土地权利变革

社区参与旅游发展失败的原因可以归结为三个方面:权利失败、机会缺失与能力匮乏。对于后两者,研究者们已经开展了广泛的研究。而针对社区居民"无权"和"去权"的权利失败状况,学术界至今缺乏应有的关注。文章以马克思地租理论为起点,结合现代产权理论,通过对典型案例的研究,剖析了我国农村土地产权状态及其决定的旅游开发增值收益分配在理论上和现实中的矛盾性,提出了"吸引物权"这一新型的产权权利,并指出我国农村社区参与权利失败的制度性根源在于集体土地所有权受限制支配、所有权主体"虚位"和吸引物权"缺位",最后,在此基础上提出了推动中国农村社区参与旅游发展的土地权利变革之路。     

Liberalizing Nirvana: an analysis of the consequences of common pool resource deregulation for the sustainability of Fiji's surf tourism industry

In July 2010, the Fijian government issued a decree that liberalized Fiji's surf breaks and deregulated its surf tourism industry. It did this by canceling licenses that granted resorts exclusive use of surf breaks based on indigenous customary ownership of foreshore and fringing reef fishing areas as common pool resources. This paper analyses the sustainability of surf tourism in Fiji, utilizing a developing framework for sustainable surf tourism. Based on broader sustainable tourism theory and empirical research, the framework considers (1) the impact of economic neo-liberalism, (2) the need for coordinated planning and limits to growth, (3) the advantages of systematic attempts to foster cross-cultural understanding, and (4) the social benefits associated with the development of surfing at the village level. The study found that a lack of regulation is compromising the sustainability of Fiji's surf tourism industry in each of these four dimensions. However, evidence of a growing acceptance of the need for regulation by most stakeholders offers a starting point for a transactive, participative process to find solutions. A fifth element to the framework is recommended for future analyses based on the need for surf tourism to contribute to poverty alleviation in destination communities.     

旅游吸引物权不可统一立法之辨析

旅游吸引物在旅游学上属于一个集合概念, 在法律上没有相关规定, 但不同属性的旅游吸引物作为个体在《物权法》上的权属性质往往是有法可循的。文章运用物权法理论, 结合新颁布的《旅游法》, 分析几个典型旅游吸引物的权属, 试图澄清几个与此相关的问题, 论证设立旅游吸引物权、为之统一立法的不合理性和不可行性, 并进一步提出充分运用《合同法》、《旅游法》以及相关法律解释等现有法律规定, 解决农村土地旅游开发中社区权益保护问题, 而不是简单地采取修改法律的方式解决此类问题。     

Marine angling tourist behavior,non-compliance,and implications for natural resource management

Wild living marine resources are a common pool resource in Norway, and successful development of marine angling tourism (MAT) – a form of consumptive wildlife tourism is dependent on healthy fish stocks. This article examines foreign tourists' non-compliance with Norway's 15 kg export quota, and the effects of the non-compliance on community wellbeing. Analyses of 528 responses to a 63-question questionnaire compare tourists' pro-environmental behavior at home, with behavior on holiday, and opinions on more stringent management regulations. No statistically significant correlations were found between pro-environmental behavior at home and support for more stringent regulations. Strengthening regulations would likely have a negative impact on both willingness to return and recommend. Findings suggest that the majority of tourists do not view fish as a resource that should be more tightly controlled, if their holiday fishing experience would be negatively affected. Results are compared against studies investigating management strategies for non-consumptive forms of wildlife tourism. Management solutions are identified which might mitigate non-compliance, positively influence environmentally responsible behavior, and address community wellbeing.     

旅游发展、空间溢出与经济增长——来自中国的经验证据

针对传统经验研究文献忽视空间相关性而导致的研究结论偏颇问题,文章采用经济学较为前沿的空间面板计量方法,利用中国30个省份1999~2009年面板数据,实证检验了旅游发展与经济增长之间的影响关系。研究结果表明:旅游发展呈现出明显的空间自相关性,具有显著空间集聚特征,大部分省份处于高-高和低-低类型区;旅游发展对经济增长具有显著正向促进作用,传统面板回归模型没有考虑空间相关性,高估了这一作用;旅游发展对经济增长存在显著空间溢出效应,并具有较强的稳健性。     

边境旅游研究进展与启示——以SSCI论文为例

边境旅游是促进区域一体化发展和强化跨境旅游合作的主要手段,深入分析国际边境旅游研究脉络与研究热点,对促进富民兴边、睦邻安邦及对接国际国内旅游“双循环”具有重要借鉴意义。本文以1995—2021年发表的1 124篇SSCI英文文献为基础,对边境旅游研究领域的时间分布、关键词突现、聚类特征等进行可视化分析。研究发现,英文文献中对边境旅游的研究可分为起步阶段、发展阶段与创新阶段;主要研究议题包括边境旅游吸引物、边境旅游影响、边境旅游安全及跨境旅游合作;边境旅游研究趋势发生两大转变,一是研究视角从单一向多元转向,二是理论探索从功能说向效应说深入。建议国内对边境旅游的研究应结合国家战略拓展边境旅游研究议题,强调中国边境旅游特色的同时贡献“中国智慧”。     

区域旅游一体化能实现吗？——基于Salop模型的SPNE研究

文章基于Salop圆周城市模型, 在区域旅游产品特征及区域旅游合作方式分类的基础上, 研究区域旅游一体化的最佳合作方式及实现条件; 考虑区域旅游地合作方式对利润及旅游产品价格的影响, 通过区分区域旅游地的资源导向和市场及形象导向型两种常见情况, 引入两阶段博弈法, 按照两种区域旅游利润最大化的合作方式分别进行求解。结果表明：区域旅游合作是基于旅游产品的差异、同质化程度, 采取不同的协调方式进行的, 主线是促进差异化, 控制同质产品的内部竞争力;追求各自利润最大化下的契约式合作是区域旅游合作的最佳方式。如果政府间要实行行政组织一体化策略, 则只有在各旅游地旅游产品同质化时才易推行, 但是这种竞争状态并不稳定;区域旅游一体化是要利用行政力量削弱行政壁垒, 倡导市场要素流动的无障碍化。     

Marine-tourism development on a small island in Indonesia: blessing or curse?

Indonesia is a popular tourist destination. Tourism creates jobs and generates revenue but can have negative impacts on culture, society and human rights. This study of one island community in Indonesia explores the relationship between the growth of tourism and the impacts on a local community. A quantitative survey, combined with in-depth interviews, examined perceptions of residents to tourism development. Residents perceived that tourism created jobs and improved access to goods and services. However, tourism has reduced social cohesion and decreased adherence to traditional customs. Conflict between the private sector and residents over ownership and access have also caused violence.     

投资战略、治理机制与旅游企业融资成本

中国旅游企业普遍存在融资难、融资成本偏高问题,这严重影响了旅游企业的生存、发展与扩张。为此,迫切需要科学探究旅游企业融资成本的影响因素,并采取相应治理措施以降低融资成本。文章以公司治理视角为切入点,立足于旅游业区别于其他行业的特殊性,利用我国旅游上市公司的财务统计数据,实证检验了旅游经营环境、旅游企业投资战略、治理机制对融资成本的影响效应。研究结果表明:旅游企业债务融资成本小于股权融资成本,旅游企业应充分利用经营权和用地使用权质押贷款等多元化债务融资方式。投资战略方面,旅游需求波动性和非旅游相关多元化战略会提高融资成本,旅游企业投资方向应为相关多元化/并购,投资项目应能降低旅游收益波动性。治理机制方面,信息披露与法律保护机制能降低融资成本,股权结构与融资成本存在倒"U"形关系,而高管激励机制则会提高融资成本,旅游企业应建立科学的股权结构和董事会治理机制,构建多层次高管薪酬体系和信息披露制度,完善品牌投资战略以实现品牌质押融资。     

巴泽尔产权模型在少数民族村寨资源开发中的应用研究——以四川理县桃坪羌寨为例

产权学派认为,不同的产权制度安排必然导致不同的经济行为和资源配置绩效.本文以四川理县桃坪羌寨为典型案例,以巴泽尔产权模型为理论基础,把握产权制度安排与相关利益主体行为的影响和旅游资源配置效率关系,从产权制度层面揭示少数民族村寨旅游资源的产权不断专业化配置在不同相关利益主体手中,各相关利益者互不信任、相互侵权等现象与问题的背后深层次根源,为少数民族文化旅游资源的可持续开发利用提供理论借鉴.     

旅游权内涵解析及其保险保障机制探讨

公民旅游权是基本人权的重要延伸,是一种综合性权利,可分为基础性旅游权和消费性旅游权两大类,旅游保障权、旅游自由权、旅游平等权、旅游资源共享权、旅游发展共享权、旅游消费权和出入境旅游权等七项权利。在我国旅游发展与旅游者权益保护亟待加强的情况下,建议通过相关制度设计构建全面广泛的公民旅游权保障体系,完善我国旅游业持续健康发展的制度基础。在保险制度方面的保障措施主要包括:借助强制保险和商业保险提供公民旅游休闲保障,完善保险制度安排,加强旅游资源保护,进行保险创新,保障公民旅游自由权,加强保险国际合作保障,公民出入境旅游权等。     

Promoting coastal communities through cultural tourism: the case of fishing communities in Brunswick County,North Carolina

Heritage tourism, if planned based on the needs and values of communities, can benefit both tourists and residents. In coastal areas especially, urban and industrial developments may create negative impacts on historic coastal communities and their traditional way of life. This research attempts to identify and highlight the value of coastal cultural heritage, in particular commercial fishing heritage, for the promotion of cultural tourism. This study investigates whether commercial fishing heritage can provide an authentic cultural tourism to benefit local fishing communities. Fishing communities in southeastern North Carolina are in decline due to different factors including the shortage of fish, new fishing legislation and restrictions and urban development. Therefore, their traditional environment is fading away. This research attempts to highlight the important role of fishing cultural heritage in promoting cultural tourism for sociocultural benefits. The present study examines the level of tourist interest in fishing heritage and cultural places in the four fishing towns of Varnamtown, Shallotte, Holden Beach, and Southport in Brunswick County, North Carolina.     

旅游企业社会责任:研究述评与展望

文章系统回顾了国内外旅游研究中关于企业社会责任的研究现状,发现相对于制造企业,旅游企业社会责任并没有得到学术界和实践界的重视,相关的学术研究和企业实践都较为匮乏。文章通过对比分析企业社会责任对于制造企业和旅游企业的作用和地位,指出无论是学术研究和管理实践,企业社会责任对于旅游企业来说更为重要。在对已有研究述评的基础上,文章结合国内外旅游发展的趋势和现状,重点阐述了旅游学者应该努力的方向,期望能够起到抛砖引玉的作用,引起旅游学者和实践者对CSR的重视,推动CSR在旅游企业中的学术研究研究与实践发展。     

论"旅游目的地"与"旅游过境地"

旅游地的空间竞争与合作是当前学术界颇为关注的一个热点问题.处在同一旅游线路①上的不同旅游地之间产业和产品的空间竞争与合作是区域旅游竞争与合作的典型代表,较少有学者进行研究.本文在回顾以往研究成果的基础上,分析了旅游目的地与旅游过境地在竞争与合作中旅游产业定位和空间布局等重大问题对两地在旅游开发、投资等方面的影响.     

论旅游产品的知识产权保护

旅游产品知识产权的保护是一个系统工程。旅游产品内容的综合性决定了其知识产权保护方法的多样性．旅游产品的商业服务特性决定了其创意的不可专利性。面对激烈的旅游行业竞争，旅游经营者可以采用全面的创名牌战略辅之以商标法律保护、著作权法律保护，以及积极参加旅游市场公平竞争辅之以反不正当竞争法律保护措施，维护自己的权利。     

境外国家公园社区管理冲突：表现、溯源及启示

国家公园社区冲突研究对于目前中国正开展的国家公园体制试点工作具有指导意义。文章以境外国家公园社区冲突为现实案例,梳理公园管理机构与社区之间冲突的具体表现,发现社区冲突是由公园定界、公园生态保护和公园开发利用3个方面所引致,由此追根溯源至土地政策、利益机制和管理手段。当这三者置身于国家公园体制框架中时,从土地权属保障制度、社区参与制度和特许经营制度3个方面着手预防或改善公园与社区居民之间的关系是具有可操作性和针对性的。文章提出的4类土地权属关系可从一定程度上解决生态保护和社区发展的矛盾,PAC模式保证了社区在国家公园利益分配和补偿中的重要地位,透明顺畅的信息沟通增强社区对公园的信任和信心,社区特许经营制度向社区的倾斜可保障失地社区居民生计。当社区居民“得以偿失”,社区冲突就会止于源头。     

Tourism and food production in the Caribbean

Foreign-exchange leakage through food imports for tourist consumption reduces the net economic impact of tourism in the Caribbean. Yet little is known on the interface between tourism and local food production. Tourism's competition for agricultural labor and land, and its impact on land values, land use and food prices, are disputed by researchers and are poorly understood. Thorough studies are needed on the nature and extent of tourism food imports and associated foreign-exchange leakages; the reasons a large proportion of the food for tourist consumption is imported; and the variation in food supply patterns according to quality, size, ownership, and location of tourist establishment. Further research will help formulate policies designed to increase the net economic impact of tourism.     

In pursuit of a more just international tourism: the concept of trading tourism rights

Research on sustainable tourism mainly focuses on incoming tourism, and destination perspectives and impacts, and less on the focus of this paper – outgoing tourism. In this context, direct and personal access to tourism represents an equal right to all world citizens. Because this right has not been exercised equally, the world is divided into two parts, excess and deprived, tourism citizens and their nation-states. This paper proposes a more just tourism system to balance the rights of tourists to travel, with the right to development, equal tourism participation, and consumption of world resources. It draws on theories from Nozick and Rawls on rights and justice to ground our model, backed by the work of other writers including Hultsman, Higgins-Desbiolles, Jamal, and Camargo. It expands the definition of just tourism to activate tourism's potential to become a developmental force in the existing socio-economic global order. This potential is realised through the use of market-based economic instruments for the implementation of a just tourism system. It suggests how to create financial flows towards third world states for their development and modernisation, using the concept of tradable tourism certificates, a concept tested in emissions control, population, and land use planning.     

全球气候变化背景下低碳旅游研究进展及可视化分析

低碳旅游研究是气候变化背景下旅游研究的前沿问题和关键领域。以Web of Science核心合集、CSSCI及CSCD数据库中关于低碳旅游的文献为基础,利用CiteSpace软件、Alluvial Generator程序、Excel统计功能进行国内外低碳旅游研究的可视化分析。结果表明：国外低碳旅游研究起步时间早,始于系统外部与旅游业相互作用视角,以生态环境和工程技术学科为基础,主要为了解决“碳中和”等现实问题,已形成固定的区域性合作网络;国外研究以定量研究为基本范式,其关键文献全部围绕旅游碳排放的测算,且已经形成了较完善的减碳体系。而国内低碳旅游研究与国外的快速发展时期相吻合,是从旅游业可持续发展角度开展研究,依附于旅游及经管类学科,尚未形成固定的合作网络;国内研究在概念理论的定性研究方面优于国外,但整体研究视角较为单一且未形成完整体系,其关键文献包含基础概念、理论体系、碳排放测算、影响因素分析等诸多方面。