A Survey of Ten Money and Banking Textbooks

This note formalizes an argument in Freeman's Labor Economics, integrating diagrammatically the individual's labor supply and time-intensity of consumption decisions.     

网络银行和电子货币风险的解决之道

网络银行和电子货币的出现给银行带来了许多风险,根据巴塞尔组织的有关文件,对网络银行面临的各种风险进行了系统的分析,并从制度、技术等四个方面相应地设计出了解决风险的对策。     

The Politics of Shadow Money: Security Structures,Money Creation and Unconventional Central Banking

ABSTRACT

For the first time in the history of central banks, the Federal Reserve has been pursuing monetary policies which allow shadow banks to access its reserves. The paper examines these policies in an analysis based on the concept of security structure. The aim is to facilitate a better understanding of complex institutional arrangements which convert credit claims into money or enable them to simulate the money-form. As the financial crisis reached its peak in September 2008, the Fed was not able to contain the impact precisely because the security structure existing between banks and the Fed did not extend to the shadow banking system, which had meanwhile become thebackbone of the global financial system. To address this situation, the Fed initiated new security structures that were designed to also give players in the shadow banking system access to liquidity and collateral. The concept ‘security structure’ serves as an analytical tool to explore dynamic forms of safety and liquidity generation and to distinguish between credit expansion and money creation. It also helps to differentiate between three qualitatively different stages of security: central bank money, quasi-money and shadow money. In this way, it foregrounds the politics of (shadow) money creation.     

中国经济转型与货币需求

本文采用"从一般到特殊"的动态建模方法对中国经济转型过程中的货币需求函数进行了再估计,通过引入市场化进程相对指数作为衡量经济转型的制度变量考察货币需求、经济增长、通货膨胀、利率和经济转型之间的相互关系。结果发现,尽管1978—2007年间30年的改革开放使得中国的经济体制和金融体系发生了较大的转型,但通过引入适当的制度变量,仍然可以得到稳定的货币需求函数。本文建立的货币需求动态模型证实了经济体制的市场化转型无论长短期都是拉动货币需求增加的因素,通货膨胀是解释货币量的有效外生解释变量,短期内利率变量对实际货币需求影响不显著,但其确实显著地进入了长期货币需求关系。     

稀释沉淀资金疏导经济循环

沉淀资金的变化直接影响着经济运行的变化。沉淀资金过大、膨胀速度过快是现阶段我国经济诸多问题的根源。启用储币税,与铸币税一起纳入财政收入,收入的增加自然能够稀释沉淀资金,同时化解垄断资本。改善劳动在收入分配中的比例,对农业、教育、国防和区域差异的投资倾斜,可以从根本上解决总需求不足的现状,对于破解当前存在的全局通缩、局部交替通胀等经济难题起着决定性作用。     

定金的多角度经济学解释

定金作为保证交易双方信守承诺的信用工具,其法律意义不言自明.笔者应用博弈论、最优停止理论、期权理论对定金进行了分析和解释,揭示了定金背后的微观经济含义.从博弈论的角度分析,定金的存在使双方都有积极性履行合同;根据最优停止理论,定金的存在降低了某一特定值,使双方更容易达成交易;应用期权理论分析,定金使买卖双方分别获得了买入、卖出的期权.     

货币契约、金融功能与经济发展

本文从交换的角度出发,认为货币是一种为了节约交易费用而设计的载有对社会资源支配权的契约。契约的目的是保障货币作为一种有效率的交换媒介,从而降低交易成本。从契约这一视角理解货币可以发现金融系统有三项重要功能:组织社会资源进行生产、调节消费与投资的比例和风险管理。笔者基于金融系统对消费投资比例的调节功能,通过构建模型说明,发展中国家可以通过完善市场机制和金融系统功能,借助市场的力量实现投资与消费的最优比例,从而使经济得到最优的发展。     

金融结构、银行发展与经济增长

虽然关于金融发展与经济增长关系的研究已经著作颇丰,但金融结构和长期的经济增长之间是否存在相关关系,以及这种关系是通过何种机制实现的,却一直缺乏深入研究。通过实证分析,我们发现,金融结构的差异并不能有效地解释不同国家之间的经济增长差异。而进一步的分解分析还表明,在金融体系的内部,银行信贷对经济增长的作用要明显强于市场渠道,其基本的实现机制是:银行的发展增强了私人部门信贷的可获得性,同时银行具有事实上比股市更为重要的融资地位,从而在长期的经济增长中扮演了更为重要的角色。     

货币、货币化与萧条时期的货币供给——20世纪30年代中国经济走出困局回顾

近代中国货币供应结构的改变(存款比例增大)解决了现金货币供应不足的问题.文章测算了20世纪30年代中国经济的货币化程度,认为它是稳步增长的.在世界经济危机波及中国的情况下,主要依靠中国、交通两银行等核心金融机构力挺工商业的带头示范和同业合作,以及政府对中交两行接管初期的某种督促,保持了货币供给的增加,使中国市场较快走出困境;但政府统制金融的另一面则是扼杀了市场的活力,缺乏制约政府行为的配套改革,因此在取得成果的同时也埋下了非常不利的伏笔.     

电子货币洗钱行为的经济学解释

具有匿名性、即时性和跨国界性等特征的电子货币将有利于洗钱,并给反洗钱造成潜在的威胁,但是迄今为止还未发现利用电子货币进行洗钱的实例.根据洗钱者的成本收益比较分析,作出了一个合理的解释,并用博弈论对电子货币反洗钱策略进行了研究.     

Division of Labor, Money, and Economic Progress

This paper develops a general equilibrium model to formalize Adam Smith's insight on the relationship between the division of labor, the emergence of money, and economic progress. The model demonstrates that the division of labor is the driving force behind the emergence of money, and the use of money in turn stimulates further division of labor. It also shows that the use of money substitute can improve welfare.     

Killing for Money and the Economic Theory of Crime

There is a large literature on the economics of crime and punishment, yet surprisingly little attention is paid to the receipt of money for crime. “Contract killing” is surprisingly neglected not only by economists but also by social scientists in general. In this paper, I look at the case not of professional gangster “hitmen” but of individuals who have found themselves in a position where they wish to have a killing carried out. This discussion does not condone the practice any more than an economic analysis of suicide is an inducement to individuals to kill themselves. To the lay reader, the cases where an individual feels the need to pay for killing may seem to be such that rationality is not a likely form of behaviour. However, the economics of crime has adopted the use of the rationality postulate as a heuristic for all types of crime.     

Christian Economic Thought in The Netherlands

The objective of this paper is to provide an insight into the ethics in the works of Christian economists in The Netherlands. The paper starts with a brief review of some key texts by Dutch Christian economists representing faith-based organizations. The next section presents a summary of (Dutch) Christian ethics, distinguishing four approaches: motivation, values, institutions, and instrumentalism. The following section will discuss some recent scholarly texts by Dutch Christian economists. It will be shown that three of the four ethical approaches are represented in these writings. In a comparison of the texts, the faith-based civil society economic thought seems to remain closer to the Christian ethics tradition. The last section will explain this gap by showing how, in faith-based civil society, morality is largely understood as being part and parcel of the economy, whereas in the academic economic literature, morality is largely regarded as belonging to the private sphere.

马克思的经济理论与财政思想

本文从马克思经济理论的视角考察其财政思想,指出马克思在创立科学的经济理论过程中阐发了较为丰富的财政思想。深入研究、发掘、整理马克思的财政思想,对当前我国的财政理论和财政实践有十分重要的理论意义和现实意义。     

Money and Banking: Select Research Papers by the Economists of Reserve Bank of India

Journal of Quantitative Economics -     

Christian Economic Thought in The Netherlands

The objective of this paper is to provide an insight into the ethics in the works of Christian economists in The Netherlands. The paper starts with a brief review of some key texts by Dutch Christian economists representing faith-based organizations. The next section presents a summary of (Dutch) Christian ethics, distinguishing four approaches: motivation, values, institutions, and instrumentalism. The following section will discuss some recent scholarly texts by Dutch Christian economists. It will be shown that three of the four ethical approaches are represented in these writings. In a comparison of the texts, the faith-based civil society economic thought seems to remain closer to the Christian ethics tradition. The last section will explain this gap by showing how, in faith-based civil society, morality is largely understood as being part and parcel of the economy, whereas in the academic economic literature, morality is largely regarded as belonging to the private sphere.