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1.
Michael H. Böheim 《Empirica》2011,38(3):315-330
The financial crisis brought great challenges also for competition policy. The aim of this paper is to summarize the most
important insights for competition policy that could be derived from the turbulent period 2008–2010. The financial crisis
is seen as project that demanded sound management from competition policy and enforcement. The insights will be presented
in the instructive form of ‘lessons learnt’ which represents a common approved project management technique. We come to the
result that the financial crisis is not the result of ‘too much competition’, but of regulatory failure and that the main
answers to the financial crisis have to come from ‘smart regulation’. The relaxation of competition policy would be the wrong
policy response in troubled times since competition policy can play an important role in bringing the crisis economy back
on track. In contrast to banking we see no economic rationale for rescue packages for other economic sectors by referring
to systemic risk. The renaissance of industrial policy is viewed with great skepticism since empirical evidence shows that
the effort of picking ‘winners’ all too often results in saving ‘losers’. 相似文献
2.
Synopsis It has been difficult to make progress in the study of ethnicity and nationalism because of the multiple confusions of analytic
and lay terms, and the sheer lack of terminological standardization (often even within the same article). This makes a conceptual
cleaning-up unavoidable, and it is especially salutary to attempt it now that more economists are becoming interested in the
effects of identity on behavior, so that they may begin with the best conceptual tools possible. My approach to these questions
has been informed by anthropological and evolutionary-psychological questions. I will focus primarily on the terms ‘ethnic
group’, ‘nation’, and ‘nationalism’, and I will make the following points: (1) so-called ‘ethnic groups’ are collections of
people with a common cultural identity, plus an ideology of membership by descent and normative endogamy; (2) the ‘group’
in ‘ethnic group’ is a misleading misnomer—these are not ‘groups’ but categories, so I propose to call them ‘ethnies’; (3) ‘nationalism’ mostly refers to the recent ideology that ethnies—cultural communities
with a self-conscious ideology of self-sufficient reproduction—be made politically sovereign; (4) it is very confusing to
use ‘nationalism’ also to stand for ‘loyalty to a multi-ethnic state’ because this is the exact opposite; (5) a ‘nation’ truly
exists only in a politician’s imagination, so analysts should not pretend that establishing whether something ‘really’ is
or is not ‘a nation’ matters; (6) a big analytic cost is paid every time an ‘ethnie’ is called a ‘nation’ because this mobilizes
the intuition that nationalism is indispensable to ethnic organization (not true), which thereby confuses the very historical
process—namely, the recent historical emergence of nationalism—that must be explained; (7) another analytical cost is paid
when scholars pretend that ethnicity is a form of kinship—it is not. 相似文献
3.
Anthony J. Evans 《The Review of Austrian Economics》2010,23(3):243-268
This article documents the spread of the Austrian school of economics in central and eastern Europe following the fall of
the Berlin Wall. Extensive research based on interviews, fieldwork and archival analysis records the development of distinct
epistemic communities throughout the region and the subsequent networks that have emerged to unite them. In doing so, we provide
a rare history of ‘centre-right’ political ideas in eastern Europe, a chronology of the development and influence of libertarianism,
cursory intellectual biographies of neglected Austrian economists and empirical evidence that contributes to the epistemic
communities approach to the study of idea diffusion. The findings support the view that the policy reforms during the transition
process were built on neoclassical orthodoxy rather than ‘neoliberalism’ or ‘market fundamentalism’ but point to a fast-growing
epistemic community that has had increasingly significant policy influence. 相似文献
4.
This study measures the extent to which P2P file-sharing activities act as substitutes or complements to music purchases in
markets for CDs. The paper breaks with the mainstream economics approach which dominates the music file-sharing discussion.
Whereas such models assume relationships at the micro level (e.g. between file-sharing and purchases) based on observations made at the macro level,
our evolutionary economics approach measures the direct effects using micro data representative of the Canadian population. The behavioral incentives underpinning free music downloading,
novel to this paper, are the multiple effects of: ‘unwillingness to pay’ (market substitution), ‘hear before buying’ (market
creation), ‘not wanting to buy a whole album’ (market segmentation), and ‘not available in the CD format or on electronic
pay-sites’ (market creation). Although the two first mentioned incentives significantly influence CD album purchases—i.e.
there is a negative and significant market substitution effect and a positive and significant market creation effect—on the
whole, these two effects ‘cancel’ one another out, leading to no association between the number of P2P files downloaded and
CD album sales. 相似文献
5.
In the literature, the outcome of contests is either interpreted as win probabilities or as shares of the prize. With this
in mind, we examine two approaches to contest success functions (CSFs). In the first, we analyze the implications of contestants’
incomplete information concerning the ‘type’ of the contest administrator. While in the case of two contestants this approach
can rationalize prominent CSFs, we show that it runs into difficulties when there are more agents. Our second approach interprets
CSFs as sharing rules and establishes a connection to bargaining and claims problems which is independent of the number of
contestants. Both approaches provide foundations for popular CSFs and guidelines for the definition of new ones.
“The strategic approach also seeks to combine axiomatic cooperative solutions and non-cooperative solutions. Roger Myerson recently named this task the ‘Nash program’.”(Rubinstein 1985, p. 1151)相似文献
6.
7.
The process and a simple logic of ‘meso’. Emergence and the co-evolution of institutions and group size 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:0
Wolfram Elsner 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2010,20(3):445-477
‘Summing-up’ aggregation of micro decisions contrasts with structural emergence in complex systems and evolutionary processes.
This paper deals with institutional emergence in the ‘evolution of cooperation’ framework and focuses on its size dimension.
It is argued that some ‘meso’ (rather than ‘macro’) level is the proper level of cultural emergence and reproduction. Also
Schumpeterian economists have discussed institutions as ‘meso’ phenomena recently, and Schelling, Axelrod, Arthur, Lindgren,
and others have dealt with ‘critical masses’ of coordinated agents and emergent segregations. However, emergent group size
has rarely been explicitly explored so far. In an evolutionary and game-theoretic frame, ‘meso’ is explained in terms of a
sustainably cooperating group smaller than the whole population. Mechanisms such as some monitoring, memory, reputation, and
active partner selection loosen the total connectivity of the static and deterministic ‘single-shot’ logic and thus allow
for emergent ‘meso’ platforms, while expectations ‘to meet again’ remain sufficiently high. Applications of ‘meso-nomia’ include
the deep structure of ‘general trust’ and macro-performance in ‘smaller’ and ‘well networked’ countries which helps to explain
persistent ‘varieties of capitalism’. 相似文献
8.
This paper reports the results of a ‘probabilistic dictator game’ experiment in which subjects were given an option to share
chances to win a prize with a dummy player. Using a within-subject design we manipulated two aspects of the decision, the
relative cost of sharing and the nature of the lottery: the draws were either independent for the two players (‘noncompetitive’
condition) or one’s success meant other’s failure (‘competitive’ condition). We also asked for decisions in a standard, non-probabilistic,
setting. The main results can be summarized as follows: first, a substantial fraction of subjects do share chances to win,
also in the competitive treatments, thus showing concern for the other player that cannot be explained by outcome-based models.
Second, subjects share less in the competitive treatment than in other treatments, indicating that procedural fairness alone
cannot explain the data. Overall, these results suggest that models aiming at generalizing social concerns to risky environments
will have to rely on a mix of distributive and procedural fairness. 相似文献
9.
The stability of federal systems is a thorny issue. Several scholars have attempted to come to grips with this problem and
have proposed mechanisms or institutions which may contribute to the stabilization of federal systems. In many instances,
however, the underlying mechanisms and micro-foundations are poorly specified. In this paper I build upon existing models
dealing with decentralization and secession to incorporate unequal income distributions and externalities of public goods.
Based on this some insights may be derived on the appropriate mechanisms to foster federal stability.
JEL Classification: H77, H41, C72
This paper partly draws on research funded by the Swiss National Science Foundation (Grant No.
5004-0487882/1). An earlier version entitled ‘‘Federalism and the Size of Nations’’ was presented at
the conference ‘‘Micro-Foundations of Federal Institutional Stability’’ at Duke University (Durham,
April 30–May 1, 2004). Comments by participants at this conference and greatly appreciated.
First version: March 2004, this version: November 1, 2004 相似文献
10.
Our overview has the objective of making our study relevant to bioeconomists. The need for the ‘alternatives’ to the Synthetic
Theory of Evolution in social-economic studies was substantiated, for example, by Colombatto (Journal of Bioeconomics, 5, 1–25, 2003), who maintains that the natural-selection theory is ‘ill suited’ to describing evolutionary processes in
economics. He proposed an alternative ‘non-Darwinian’ approach by equating the ‘non-Darwinian’ approach with a definite version
of neo-Lamarckism. Yet, as we will show, there is a palette of alternative approaches within and beyond the neo-Lamarckism.
We hope to give bioeconomists more choice in their theoretical modeling and constructing of analogies between biology and
economics. It will also be shown that in the light of suggested definitions the concept of ‘universal Darwinism’ recently
discussed in bioeconomics makes little sense as a generalizing category. In addition, in the concluding part of the paper
we demonstrate that the majority of alternative approaches are far from being pigeonholed as archaic and once and for all
wiped off the theoretical landscape. On the contrary, in recent years one can observe some revival of interest in the theoretical
‘heresies’.
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11.
Xueqin Zhu Lia van Wesenbeeck Ekko C. van Ierland 《Environmental and Resource Economics》2006,35(1):59-87
We analyse the impacts of a change in consumers’ preference for Novel Protein Foods (NPFs), i.e. a lifestyle change with respect to meat consumption, and the impacts of environmental policies e.g. tradable emission permits for greenhouse gases (GHGs) or an EU ammonia (NH3) emission bound per hectare. For our analysis we use a global applied general equilibrium (AGE) model that includes consumers’ lifestyle change, different production systems, emissions from agricultural sectors, and an emission permits system. Our study leads to the following conclusions. Firstly, more consumption of NPFs assists in reducing global agricultural emissions of methane (CH4), nitrous oxides (N2O) and NH3. However, because of international trade, emission reduction does not necessarily occur in the regions where more NPFs are consumed. Secondly, through lifestyle change of the ‘rich’, the emission reduction is not substantial because more ‘intermediate’ consumers will increase their meat consumption. Finally, for the same environmental target the production structure changes towards less intensive technologies and more grazing under environmental policy than under lifestyle change.
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12.
Synopsis Hayek’s cognitive theory, which seeks to describe the operation of a particular order, in fact provides a paradigmatic account
of knowledge-generating orders in general. We claim that this paradigm provides a fertile conceptual framework for exploring
a variety of problems in economics and social theory. In particular, we shall show that Hayek’s conception of the ‘map’ and
the ‘model’, which he uses to explain the operation of the complex adaptive classifying system called ‘mind’, are promising
analytical devices with applications extending to social structures of various kinds and complexity. We use Hayek’s notion
of the map and model to analyze how different social structures – regarded as classifying systems – work in terms of their
input, processing, and output capabilities. The adaptive characteristics of such systems, via communicative routines, multi-level
classification, and feedback, form central motifs for our discussion of markets, science, and other social structures. We
show that by analyzing the knowledge-generating characteristics of such structures we are also able to gain insights about
the circumstances affecting their adaptive properties. 相似文献
13.
The paper ‘bridges the divide’ between the biological and economic literature on marine reserves. It provides a selected review
of the traditional use of reserves, the early reserve literature, the potential benefits of reserves, spillovers from reserves
to harvested areas and bioeconomic models of marine reserves. The bioeconomics literature is examined from the perspectives
of deterministic models, spatial economic models and models that include uncertainty and stochasticity. Insights from the
review are used to provide management implications in terms of reserve design, stakeholder cooperation and process, reserve-fishery
transfers, traditional management controls, and ecosystem approaches to managing fisheries. 相似文献
14.
Synopsis This paper is the product of a collaboration between a biologist (Ghiselin 1997) who works on the philosophy of classification
and an economist (Landa 1981, 1994) who works on the ‘Economics of Identity’: how and why people classify people based on
identity in the context of a theory of ethnic trading networks. In developing the ‘bioeconomics’ (the synthesis of economics
with biology) of classification, we crossed a number of disciplinary boundaries—anthropology, economics, sociology, biology,
and cognitive psychology including evolutionary psychology’s ‘fast and frugal’ heuristics. Using a bioeconomics approach,
we argue that folk classifications—the classifications used by ordinary persons—have much in common with scientific classifications:
underlying both is the need for economy of information processing in the brain, for the efficient organization of knowledge,
and for efficiency of information acquisition and transmission of information to others. Both evolve as a result of trial
and error, but in science there is relatively more foresight, understanding, and planning. 相似文献
15.
Irene Fafaliou Euthalia Tzanalaridou Apostolos Ballas 《International Advances in Economic Research》2010,16(1):109-121
This paper attempts to address some of the issues surrounding rationing of healthcare services, with application to Greece’s
delivery of cardiac services. To this end, first, we provide highlights of the current debate concerning rationing worldwide
and critically discuss them. Following that, an empirical analysis of the way ‘key’ stakeholders perceive rationing issues
in Greece, is performed. Findings indicate that rationing is a highly disputed approach, subject to individualistic interpretations
and moral issues. At policy level, it becomes evident that rationing is a mixture rather than a single policy concern, depending
on a complicated range of locally-based reconciliation made at various levels of interested parties. Hence, no universal formula
exists to fit all countries’ healthcare systems and further case-by-case research, is required. 相似文献
16.
Towards a Disequilibrium Theory of Endogenous Economic Growth 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
Robert U. Ayres 《Environmental and Resource Economics》1998,11(3-4):289-300
This paper discusses the need for a new approach to economic growth theory. The standard theory of growth-in-equilibrium driven
by exogenous, uncaused, productivity gains has an implication that is both unjustified and perverse from a policy perspective:
that government intervention of any kind can only introduce constraints and reduce option space, thus decreasing potential
growth. It is argued that growth theory should (1) acknowledge the importance of natural resources, especially fossil fuels,
as a driver of past and present economic growth, (2) incorporate an explicit recognition that growth is a consequence of technological
innovation, especially radical innovation, that often responds to natural resource scarcities or other societal needs and
(3) explicitly reflect the fact that the important (i.e. scarce) factors of production in economics can and do change over
time, i.e. from a rural ‘cowboy’ economy of the past to an urbanized ‘spaceship’ economy of the future. In short, it should
reflect the fact that ‘necessity is the mother of invention’. The first and third of these modifications have been proposed
before, but not in combination. The third seems to be new. 相似文献
17.
Price Premiums for Eco-friendly Commodities: Are ‘Green’ Markets the Best Way to Protect Endangered Ecosystems? 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
‘Green’ markets represent a means through which public goods can be privately provided. A green product is an impure public
good consisting of a private good (e.g., rain forest honey) bundled with a jointly produced public good (e.g., biodiversity
protection). In the context of ecosystem protection, popular green commodities include eco-tourism excursions, coffee grown
under forest canopies (‘shade-grown’), tagua nuts for buttons and ornaments, rainforest nuts and oils for cosmetic products,
and rain forest honey. We examine the dynamic efficiency of eco-friendly price premiums in achieving ecosystem protection
and rural welfare goals by contrasting the use of price premiums to the use of payments that are tied directly to ecosystem
protection. We demonstrate analytically and empirically that direct payments are likely to be more efficient as a conservation
policy instrument. Depending on the available funds, the direct payments may be better or worse than green price premiums
in achieving rural welfare objectives. If direct payments are not feasible for social or political reasons, we demonstrate
analytically and empirically that the price premium approach is likely to be more effective at achieving conservation and
development objectives than the currently more popular policy of subsidizing capital acquisition in eco-friendly commercial
activities. 相似文献
18.
Darwinism in economics: from analogy to ontology 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
Geoffrey M. Hodgson 《Journal of Evolutionary Economics》2002,12(3):259-281
Several social scientists, including ‘evolutionary economists’, have expressed scepticism of ‘biological analogies’ and rejected
the application of ‘Darwinism’ to socio-economic evolution. Among this group, some have argued that self-organisation is an
alternative to biological analogies or Darwinism. Others have seen ‘artificial selection’ as an alternative to natural selection
in the socio-economic sphere. Another objection is that Darwinism excludes human intentionality. It is shown that all these
objections to ‘biological analogies’ and ‘Darwinism’ are ungrounded. Furthermore, Darwinism includes a broad theoretical framework
for the analysis of the evolution of all open, complex systems, including socio-economic systems. Finally and crucially, Darwinism
also involves a basic philosophical commitment to detailed, cumulative, causal explanations. For these reasons, Darwinism
is fully relevant for economics and an adequate evolutionary economics must be Darwinian, at least in these fundamental senses.
However, this does not undermine the need for auxiliary theories and explanations in the economic domain. 相似文献
19.
Preference Anomalies,Preference Elicitation and the Discovered Preference Hypothesis 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
There is wide-ranging evidence, much of it deriving from economics experiments, of ‘anomalies’ in behaviour that challenge
standard preference theories. This paper explores the implications of these anomalies for preference elicitation methods.
Because methods that are used to inform public policy, such as contingent valuation, are based on standard preference theories,
their validity may be called into question by the anomaly data. However, on a new interpretation, these anomalies do not contradict
standard theory but are errors in stated preference that can be expected to disappear as people become more experienced in
relevant decision environments. We explore the evidence for this interpretation and what implications follow for preference
elicitation methodology.
JEL classifications: C91, D01, D60, D81, D83, H40 相似文献
20.
We experimentally study the effects of common fate on voluntary contributions to linear public goods. In each period, earnings
are assigned to subjects according to the outcome of a lottery. In ‘common fate’, ‘independent fate’ and ‘rival fate’ treatments,
the lottery outcomes of group members are (respectively) positively correlated, stochastically independent and negatively
correlated. We observe the highest contributions and strongest reciprocity under common fate. Contrary to the game harmony
hypothesis, contributions are not lower under rival fate than under independent fate. Surprisingly, under rival fate, having
won the lottery in one period induces higher contributions in the next period. 相似文献