区域农业发展战略研究

阐述了区域农业发展的战略意义,西部、东北、中部、东部四大区域农业发展的现状与存在的问题;对区域农业发展的影响因素和四大区域的比较优势与潜力进行分析;提出区域农业发展的战略目标及西部发展生态特色农业、东北发展商品型规模农业、中部发展加工型商品农业、东部发展外向型现代农业的设想;最后提出完善区域分工协作互动机制、切实保护耕地、完善流通环节等6项发展区域农业政策建议。     

Productivity in Indonesian agriculture: Impacts of domestic and international research

Total factor productivity growth contributed 38% of Indonesia's agricultural output growth from the mid-1970s to the mid-2000s. This study uses time series data analysed with an error correction mechanism to examine the contribution that Indonesian publicly funded agricultural research made to this outcome, allowing for other possible determinants of productivity growth, including international agricultural research, extension, government price policy and weather. The results imply a 27% real annual rate of return from a marginal increase in Indonesian agricultural research expenditure. Indonesia's public agricultural research explains virtually all of its agricultural total factor productivity growth between 1975 and 2006.     

浅谈公益性农业科研单位绩效管理

随着公益性农业科研单位绩效管理的深入推进,随着国家科技体制改革的深入开展,绩效管理作为当代政府管理最有效的工具,其对公益性农业科研单位的综合管理和发展日益重要,因此探讨如何有效开展已刻不容缓。本文通过分析公益性农业科研单位绩效管理的有效做法、需要着力研究解决的重点问题,有针对性提出了深入开展绩效管理的对策建议,以期更好的助推农业科技管理工作,促进农业发展。     

What is the Value of Agricultural Economics Research?

The output of agricultural economics research is information, much of it aimed at designing or improving institutions. Bayesian decision theory and economic surplus analysis have been suggested as possible approaches to evaluate that information. This article takes a critical look at the strengths and weaknesses of combining those approaches for empirical evaluation of agricultural economics research. It presents three case studies, utilizing prior and posterior probabilities elicited from key decision makers. Direct application of the probabilities to a simple set of states and actions is best suited to situations involving a single policy-making center, or a consensus decision-making process.     

都兰县农业生产布局战略研究

针对都兰县农业资源区域差异性大特点,选择影响生产主要因子,用数学聚类模糊分析方法对各生产单元进行了类型划分,同时结合利用现状采用土地自然适宜性方法做了利用系统适应级评价,从土地生产适宜性、经济效益以及生态保护角度考虑,提出了农牧业的基本发展思路。在此基础上,结合市场需求和生产比较优势,优化资源组合,开展集约化、规模化经营。建设小麦、青稞粮食生产基地,枸杞、紫皮大蒜等特色产品生产基地,紫花苜蓿产品等生产基地。提高土地利用效益,实现农业增产农民增收。     

农地规模化对农业科研生产率效应的影响研究

文章以农地流转为研究视角,基于中国1988~2012年31个省域面板数据,综合运用固定效应模型与动态门限回归模型,检验农业科技投入对农业生产效率的驱动作用。固定效应模型的分析结果表明,科技投入对农业生产效率提升的效果,受到农地规模的制约;随后的动态面板门限模型显示,以户均农地规模表示的农地流转值存在两个显著的门限。当户均农地规模低于第一个门限值时,科技投入对农业生产效率的影响微弱。随着农地流转的推进,科技促农的效果逐步增强。但当农地面积跨越第二个门限,科技促农系数又降低。因此,在中国农业科技投入有限的常态约束下,应以农地流转政策为契机,协调好农地流转与科技投入的关系而非一味加大科技投入,优化农业科研的区域空间布局,增强科技对中国农业的驱动作用。同时也应采取措施避免农地流转过快带来的负面效应。     

农业文化遗产研究的GIS应用前景分析

农业文化遗产对资源环境具有较强的依赖性,在发掘与动态保护过程中需要地理信息系统(GIS)及其决策服务的支持。该文运用文献研究与资源整理的方法,概要地综述了GIS技术在农业研究中和历史/文化地理领域里的应用,其中GIS在农业研究中的应用可以概括为以资源管理和区划为主的宏观应用、以估产和灾害管理为主的中观应用和在精确农业中3S结合的微观应用;GIS在历史/文化地理领域应用按其功能划分为数据管理、空间分析和可视化3类。结合目前GIS在农业文化遗产研究中的应用现状分析,明确了GIS的主要应用方向包括:农业文化遗产信息管理、空间信息测算与资源评估、复杂信息空间分析、可视化与专题图绘制,以及遗产地保护规划辅助功能等5个方面。最后通过分析GIS技术在研究过程中可能存在的数据制约、技术门槛、资金限制等因素,对GIS广泛应用的前景进行了探讨。相信随着研究的不断深入,作为数量化、信息化重要研究方法的GIS,在未来农业文化遗产研究中必然起到更为重要的作用。     

Collaborative research on Conservation Agriculture in Bajío,Mexico: continuities and discontinuities of partnerships

Agricultural technologies are debated and contested. Studying the socio-political life of agricultural research can help us to understand why some particular technologies or pathways are favoured (and others not) and eventually why expectations are maintained or not. We studied the 30-year trajectory of practices of Conservation Agriculture in the central region of Mexico. The results of our interviews and literature review show how, over the course of time, Conservation Agriculture (CA) technology has successively changed from being referred to as Conservation Tillage, Direct Seeding, Conservation Agriculture and has now, finally become integrated within Sustainable Intensification. These changes are connected with revamped narratives and the applications of the latest research and development (R&D) paradigms. They were the result of new spaces for CA projects opening up after other spaces had closed, spaces that allowed the researchers, politicians, technicians and farmers to continue to engage in CA in a reconfigured way that fit the various agendas. The opening and closure of spaces for CA projects were the result of researchers being subject to, and taking advantage of, political changes and of politicians seeking new initiatives to support their agendas. This shows how research and politics are mutually dependent and how they generate a discontinuity of project interventions which, paradoxically, represent a continuity of agendas and research processes. As CA is both a complex and flexible technology, it has been possible to make it fit to accommodate the changing agendas of different actors.     

农业科研事业单位岗位设置与管理浅析——以中国水产科学研究院为例

岗位设置和管理是事业单位人事制度改革的主要内容和目标。文章以中国水产科学研究院为例,概述岗位设置与管理,从人员比例、配套政策、人事管理制度等角度分析了科研事业单位岗位设置过程中存在的问题和难点,通过完善岗位管理办法和使用岗位等级评定办法来形成科学合理的岗位设置方案,通过岗位聘用、聘后管理和加强培训来完善岗位设定后的岗位管理制度。     

闽台农产品贸易的竞争力分析及策略研究

农产品贸易是闽台贸易的重要组成部分,该文分析了闽台农产品的发展现状及基本特征,并以2000～2010年为研究周期,从竞争力比较分析和产业内贸易相关指标分析两个角度,定量定性相结合分析了闽台农产品贸易结构特征.研究结论表明闽台农产品贸易各有不同资源优势,为贸易互补奠定基础,在贸易中同时存在产业内贸易和产业间贸易两种形态,产业内贸易以垂直型为主,反映了闽台农产品在质量和技术上的差异.     

Research and productivity in Thai agriculture

This paper examines the impact that publicly funded agricultural research has on productivity in crop production within Thailand. It tests empirically the two hypotheses that, first, publicly funded research and development (R&D) in crop production is a significant determinant of total factor productivity (TFP) in the crop sector and, second, that its social rate of return is high. The statistical analysis applies error correction methods to national level time series data for Thailand, covering the period 1970–2006. Emphasis is given to public research in crop production, where most publicly funded agricultural R&D has occurred. The role of international research spillovers and other possible determinants of TFP are also taken into account. The results demonstrate that public investment in research has a positive and significant impact on TFP. International research spillovers have also contributed to TFP. The results support the finding of earlier studies that returns on public research investment have been high. This result holds even after controlling for possible sources of upward biases present in most such studies, due to the omission of alternative determinants of measured TFP. The findings raise a concern over declining public expenditure on crop research, in Thailand and many other developing countries.     

农业资源管理研究发展趋势与未来展望

农业资源管理是人们为了保障资源处于良好状态和提高资源整体利用效率,实现资源永续利用,运用所掌握的知识,通过运用科技、经济、政策、法律等有效手段,对农业资源及农业资源利用过程所采取的一系列行动。农业资源管理研究的宗旨是为提升我国农业资源管理水平提供科技支撑。我国农业资源管理研究发生了四大转移,展望未来,农业资源管理研究前景广阔。     

Peanut Research and Poverty Reduction: Impacts of Variety Improvement to Control Peanut Viruses in Uganda

A procedure is developed and applied for predicting ex ante impacts of agricultural research on aggregate poverty, using as an example the poverty-reducing impact of peanut research in Uganda. Market-level information on economic surplus changes is combined with a procedure for allocating income changes to individual households. Characteristics of farmers that affect their likelihood of technology adoption are used to create a technology adoption profile. Associated changes in poverty resulting from adoption are computed using poverty indices. Predicted income changes at the household level are aggregated to the market level and reconciled with calculations of economic surplus changes.     

Research performance,academic promotion,and gender disparities: Analysis of data on agricultural economists in Chinese higher education

This paper provides an overall picture of women's representation and gender parity in the field of Agricultural Economics by constructing and analyzing a database of agricultural economists in China. We find that female scholars “occupy half the sky” in number, but not all the way up to the higher-ranking academic positions. Women lag behind men in terms of research performance and academic promotion; even more so, gender disparity becomes more prominent when moving up the ranking ladder. A closer examination of agricultural economists of different age cohorts indicates that the gender gap, both in numbers engaged in the profession and academic performance measured by Chinese paper publications and nation-level projects chaired, is narrowing. However, gaps in the number of high-quality paper publications and the time span before promotion, alongside the phenomenon of a “leaky pipeline” in academia, are growing significantly over time. The representation of “star scientists” shows similar, yet steeper trends. In the absence of detailed studies, the paper explores possible explanations of the converging gender gap in scale but increasing gender disparity that is termed a “leaky pipeline.” It concludes that the Policy of Enrollment Expansion in Higher Education provides vulnerable young females with more opportunities to access higher education, which increases both the number and proportion of women in the profession.     

美丽乡村背景下新型农业园规划设计的探索与实践

随着我国农业产业结构调整的深入进行,农业园在产业调整过程中发挥着越来越重要的作用,农业园区集社会公益性、企业盈利性和生态环保性三大功能于一体,在国家与地区发展建设的方针政策统一指导下,结合国民经济和社会发展长远部署要求,统筹区域规划及园区当地的自然、社会资源和农业发展条件,对农业园区进行统一布置,协调发展。由于发展迅速,目前对于农业园的研究多从建设管理方面出发,在农业园区规划设计角度的研究较少,在我国建设美丽乡村背景下,为整合新农村资源、文化、生态环境等条件,促进新农建设与经济发展,新型农业园的规划设计尤为重要,文章就目前我国新型农业园发展状况,对新型农业园的规划设计进行探究,为美丽乡村建设下新型农业园的规划建设提供支撑。     

Price and yield effects of spill-overs in international agricultural research: evidence from ICRISAT and Australia

International agricultural research aimed at improving productivity in developing countries also has spill-over effects on developed countries. Research that affects the supply of commodities is also likely to affect the world price of tradeable commodities. In this paper, the effects of spill-overs to Australia from successful cost-reducing research into sorghum and chickpeas at die International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) aimed at developing countries are assessed. Genetic materials developed and distributed through ICRISAT are used in Australia to increase productivity. The price-reducing effects of successful research are incorporated into the analysis of spill-over impacts on productivity. The net effects on welfare for producers and consumers of sorghum and chickpeas in Australia and the Rest of the World (ROW) are identified. The consequences of the impacts are discussed and the implications for further funding of international agricultural research are also discussed.     

石家庄市都市区农产品加工业发展研究

农产品加工业发展是衡量现代农业发展水平的重要方面。该文在分析石家庄市都市区农产品加工业发展现状、主要问题、优势与潜力的基础上,指出了石家庄市都市区未来农产品加工业的发展思路,最后提出了推动石家庄市都市区农产品加工业发展的政策建议。     

Setting Efficient Incentives for Agricultural Research: Lessons from Principal-Agent Theory

A conceptual analysis of important issues in the organization and management of academic research is presented. Principal-agent theory is applied to derive optimal compensation schemes for scientists when they differ in ability, risk aversion, cost of effort, and reservation utility, and to show the optimal trade-off between institutional risk and scientists' abilities. Implications for an efficient organization of research are derived, including how scientists' incentives should be structured to elicit optimal research efforts and direction, whether research direction should be centralized or decentralized, and whether the organization of research should be through external competitive grants or program and institutional funding.     

气候变化对粮食产量影响的研究方法综述

[目的]受气候变化的影响,全球粮食安全面临严峻挑战,及时准确地评估气候变化对粮食产量的影响是应对挑战、制定农业适应性对策的关键。相关研究已产生了不少方法,通过综述对方法进行分类,明晰各种方法的优缺点和适用性,以期扬长避短,促进研究方法的综合、发展与完善。[方法]利用文献法、归纳法和比较法,从方法的原理和应用、存在的问题、发展的趋势3个方面进行探讨。[结果]产量分解法可用于分析粮食产量及其构成要素与不同生育期气候变化的关系,实验比较法一般用于粮食产量对单个气候因子或若干气候因子变化的敏感性分析,生产函数法适用于在农业生产系统中分析气候变化对粮食产量影响的边际效应,气候生产潜力模型法侧重于农业生产环境发展评估,作物生长模型法便于结合气候情景预测未来气候变化对粮食产量的影响。在不同研究方向上得以运用的同时,各方法也暴露了一些问题:产量分解法的技术产量难以拟合,实验比较法的数据获取难、模型稳定性较差,生产函数法容易遗漏重要变量、函数构造困难,气候生产潜力模型法的结论难以验证,作物生长模型法参数标定难、模型应用存在尺度错位。[结论]研究方法将逐渐形成一套综合的气候—水文—作物—经济模型法,多源数据融合和多目标模式已经成为方法发展的驱动力。