乡村旅游精准扶贫的现实困境及破解路径探析

乡村旅游精准扶贫是一种典型的产业扶贫创新方式,在创新乡村发展模式、拓宽农户增收渠道;改善乡村生产生活条件;再塑乡村价值等方面具有重要意义。当前,乡村旅游精准扶贫存在资金严重不足、农村"空心化"现象严重、贫困村民参与意识不强、人才资源缺乏等现实困境。要破解这些困境,必须吸纳多元化的社会资金参与乡村旅游精准扶贫;注重精准识别贫困人口,进行有针对性帮扶;促进农村产业融合发展,拓宽和延伸产业链;引入专业化人才,打造"创新型""创意型"乡村旅游精品;构建长效性培训机制,提升贫困农户参与乡村旅游的整体素质和能力。     

荒漠化地区绿色扶贫开发模式创新——中国-UNDP新疆和田红柳大芸产业开发案例研究

绿色扶贫计划支持下的新疆和田地区红柳大芸种植项目,具有开辟沙漠新产业、带动区域经济发展、农户减贫、储备和保护耕地等经济、社会和生态效益,也探索了一条"以绿养绿"的可持续发展之路。项目中的不同利益主体如农户、企业、村级组织、农民专业协会与政府,在红柳大芸产业链的不同环节,形成了不同的开发模式和利益机制。荒漠化地区绿色扶贫项目,潜存着土地问题,面临着水资源短缺的制约,也受新产业市场风险和自然风险的考验,应通过产业模式调整和政策创新,提升绿色扶贫项目效益。     

精准扶贫政策之益贫式增长效应

本文构建精准扶贫政策影响益贫式增长的理论分析框架,利用2016—2019年宿迁市国家级扶贫改革试验区阳光扶贫监管系统数据,检验精准扶贫政策对村级益贫式增长与低收入农户增收的异质性影响。研究发现：(1)在精准扶贫政策干预下,村级实现“强益贫式增长”,其机制在于,改变低收入农户生计模式、强化“三保障”、提升收入稳定性,而增强收入稳定性的中介效应最强;(2)帮扶措施实施广度与精准度较低造成扶贫项目收益减贫成效不足;(3)救助补助类收益能明显提升教育与医疗保障水平,但住房保障益贫性有限;(4)精准扶贫政策能促进较低收入农户实现更快增收,也呈现较强的县域益贫性。这意味着,巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果,增强脱贫地区和脱贫群众内生发展动力仍是难点,因此,应加大经济薄弱村产业帮扶力度,在提高贫困标准、强化分类施策的同时,提高帮扶精准度,探索建立综合性社会保障体制,提升精准扶贫政策的益贫式增长成效。     

参与贫困治理与企业风险水平

政府与市场是建设国家治理体系和实现治理能力现代化的重要主体,理顺二者关系以更好地发挥治理功能成为学者们关注的研究话题.利用中国的贫困治理背景,实证检验上市公司参与精准扶贫对其风险水平的影响.结果显示,上市公司作为市场治理单元参与政府主导的扶贫工作能显著降低其风险水平,且企业声誉的增强是导致上述影响的重要渠道.进一步研究表明,这种风险抑制作用在国有企业、融资约束较低、内部控制质量较差的企业中更加显著.以上结果为"政府鼓励、企业参与"的协同治理模式的有效性验证提供了经验证据,说明精准扶贫的实施中"有为政府"与"有效市场"的联动治理既符合企业自身利益,又有助于扶贫资源配置效率的提升.这对于上市公司总结参与精准扶贫的相关经验以及市场力量参与乡村振兴等国家战略具有重要启示.     

“救困”抑或“帮富”:扶贫对象的精准识别与适应性治理——基于苏北R县X村扶贫案例的田野考察

乡村贫困人口的动态识别成为当下乡村贫困治理的时代特征,而新常态下的精准扶贫亦是贫困治理能力现代化的实践载体。文章尝试建构适应性治理框架,力图诠释扶贫对象的精准识别机制。通过苏北X村的个案探讨,理顺了精准扶贫的"五位一体"运作机制,同时亦辨识了扶贫对象精准识别的乡土困境:分类机制不完善、贫困人口的管理非动态、扶贫资源的"公地悲剧"、扶贫激励机制的缺陷。致使逆向激励效应的产生。为此,通过明确精准扶贫的政府责任、建立科学的动态考评机制、创设"差额立项"的分类扶持机制、建立反馈机制等适应性治理路径,以期能提高扶贫对象识别的精准度,最终实现乡村贫困治理现代化体系。     

精准扶贫问题的对策思考

精准扶贫防返贫是新时期党和国家扶贫工作的重中之重,是脱贫攻坚新形势下国家扶贫工作机制构建的重点,也是到2020实现全面建成小康社会的重要举措.就全国精准扶贫工作而言,近年来取得了一些积极的成效,贫困地区贫困人口人数实现了"双降"、基础设施改善、"一村一品"的产业落地发展等,但是在精准扶贫的过程中仍然存在许多突出的问题,而这些问题必将直接影响精准扶贫工作的顺利进行和扶贫工作的长期性发展,进而导致扶贫目标难以实现,因此,精准扶贫问题的对策研究具有重要的现实意义和实践意义.     

精准扶贫的阶段性成效与创新突破

"十三五"时期既是全面建成小康社会的关键时期,也是完成脱贫攻坚工程目标任务的决胜时期。当前,全国正在全面深入进行精准扶贫的实践探索。相对于传统扶贫开发模式,以人为本是精准扶贫的核心理念,分类精准帮扶是精准扶贫绩效的关键,新发展理念是精准扶贫开发的导向。应以实现全面建设小康社会为精准扶贫目标,进一步强化滴灌式精准扶贫理念,鼓励多元主体共同参与精准扶,加强扶贫资源的综合治理,并建立层级考评结合动态管理的新型管理模式。     

精准扶贫内涵及实施路径——以内蒙古自治区清水河县“三到”项目为例

文章从概述内蒙古自治区农牧地区贫困现状以及清水河县居民贫困状况入手,详细阐述了内蒙古"三到"精准扶贫项目的具体内容,从而分析出精准扶贫的核心内涵。切入到内蒙古清水河县,概述其"三到"精准扶贫项目的实施途径,从而分析出内蒙古自治区精准扶贫的实施路径。最后评价了内蒙古自治区"三到"项目的成效。研究发现:内蒙古自治区"三到"精准扶贫项目创新是内蒙古农牧区扶贫取得良好成绩的保证。"三到"精准扶贫项目任务及实施流程丰富了精准扶贫的思想内涵,其项目实施路径扩展了精准扶贫的实现途径。     

产业化扶贫中面临的问题及对策建议——基于福建省漳州市产业化扶贫的思考

产业化发展是产业扶贫的科学路径,福建漳州在产业化扶贫的实践中积累了经验,也存在一些共性的问题。文章以漳州为例,分析了产业化扶贫中面临的问题,提出以规划引导、绿色优先、精准定位、创新模式、培育"五新"农民推动产业化发展的建议。     

产业扶贫对农户收入的影响机制及效果——基于乌蒙山和六盘山片区产业扶贫试点项目的准实验研究

产业扶贫是实现贫困人口稳定脱贫的根本之策。本文基于乌蒙山和六盘山片区产业扶贫试点项目的3个省8个县的准实验研究数据,采用DID分析了产业扶贫项目对贫困农户收入的影响。理论上,产业扶贫项目通过直接带动可以增加农户的经营性收入,通过就业带动可以增加农户的工资性收入,通过资产收益和补贴可以增加贫困户的财产性收入和转移性收入。实证研究发现,产业扶贫项目对家庭人均总收入具有正向作用,具体而言,产业扶贫项目对人均财产性收入和转移性收入有显著正向影响,对人均经营性收入和工资性收入影响不显著。通过PSM-DID模型以及安慰剂检验进一步验证了上述结论。该结论反映了当前产业扶贫所存在的共性问题,即基层政府和执行主体在成本、收益、风险等因素影响下偏好资产收益模式,所以带动贫困农户发展产业和劳动务工的参与程度并不高。为此,需要让贫困户更多地参与到农业产业链中,同时促进一二三产业融合,拓宽贫困户增收渠道,并培育经营主体和农村的精英人才,增强农户的组织化程度,使农户脱贫致富。     

我国房地产税制的现状及改革构想

房地产税制是维护房地产市场公平竞争，实现国家对房地产业宏观调控的有力杠杆。然而，我国现行的房地产税制却存在税费不分、税制不统一、税制结构不合理等诸多问题。严重影响了其对房地产业应有的宏观调控作用。因此，适时地推进房地产税制的改革应是当务之急，应统一内外税制，合理界定税费的范围，建立统一、规范、合理的房地产税收体系。     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988-2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988-1990 period and the 1991- 2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.     

西部地区人力资本投资与知识化发展

人力资本投资在推动知识化发展的过程中存在自增强机制，通过促进人力资本保值增值，进行人力资源合理配置，改善配置环境和配置政策、完善配套措施，有助于充分发挥这一机制的功能，从而实现西部地区知识化发展。     

Age Discrimination in Employment in Canada

Issues pertaining to age discrimination in employment in Canada are analyzed with a view toward highlighting lessons that may be learned from the Canadian experience—an experience that is taking on increased policy importance. Reasons for the increased attention to age discrimination issues are outlined, followed by a portrayal of the age discrimination legislation and court interpretations in Canada, especially as they pertain to mandatory retirement. Enforcement aspects are discussed, as is the evidence on age discrimination in employment and the effectiveness of legislation with respect to age discrimination and mandatory retirement. The article concludes with a discussion of the lessons to be learned from the Canadian experience, especially with respect to the poorly understood but complicated relationship between age discrimination and mandatory retirement. Policy recommendations for strengthening age discrimination legislation are also outlined. (JEL J14 , J24 , J71 )     

Inequalities in Income Distribution in Slovenia

This article presents an empirical analysis of income distribution based on income tax data for Slovenia in 1991-2000. It presents evidence of rising inequalities in income distribution (gross income, gross wages and pensions). These results are supported by coefficients of variation, Gini coefficients and by the Lorenz curves. Inequalities increased rapidly in the 1991 to 1993 period. After a significant decrease in 1994 and a steady increase from 1995 to 2000, the peak value from 1993 was not surpassed. Atkinson's requirements for dominance comparisons are not violated. Inequalities are also present in the distribution of the benefits of economic growth among income groups.     

上海生态农业发展影响因素研究

文章分析了上海生态农业发展的影响因素,并利用计量模型进行检验,认为影响上海生态农业发展的主要因素有农业基础设施、农业劳动力资源、农业产业化水平、农业科技实力状况。     

Public participation in forestry in Turkey

Recently public participation in forestry has been seriously considered in Turkey. Participation is however quite a challenge for a country with a long tradition of top-down management and a strong bottom-up dependence on public provisioning. In such a setting, it may not be surprising that the experiences with public participation in forestry in Turkey are mixed. There are some positive initiatives like the creation of farmer's cooperatives and NGOs, but their role is quite limited and small of scale. This paper is bringing together different views based on existing studies in Turkish related to Turkey's experience with implementing public participation in forestry.     

The Change in Productive Efficiency in Telecommunications in the United States

The question addressed here is whether the adoption of incentive regulation, which has become an important regulatory tool in the telecommunications industry in the USA, has resulted in a change in the technical efficiency of local exchange carriers in the USA. After providing an overview of the nature of incentive regulation, a methodology for measuring technical efficiency and its change is introduced. This is a multiple-output/multiple-input distance function approach to measuring technical efficiency. The results of implementing this approach for 19 local exchange carriers for the 1988–2001 period indicate that in the production of local service, intrastate toll/access service, and interstate access to local loops, there was no change in technical efficiency between the 1988–1990 period and the 1991–2001 period, something that incentive regulation was specifically designed to promote.