From Linear Fuel Switching to Multiple Cooking Strategies: A Critique and Alternative to the Energy Ladder Model

Promoting sustainable development requires evaluating the technical and policy options that will facilitate the adoption and use of energy efficient and less polluting cooking stoves and practices. The transition from traditional to modern fuels and devices has been explained by the “energy ladder” model that suggests that with increasing affluence, a progression is expected from traditional biomass fuels to more advanced and less polluting fuels. In this paper we evaluate the energy ladder model utilizing data from a four-year (1992–96) case study of a village in Mexico and from a large-scale survey from four states of Mexico. We show that an alternate “multiple fuel” model of stove and fuel management based on the observed pattern of household accumulation of energy options, rather than the simple progression depicted in the traditional energy ladder scenario, more accurately depicts cooking fuel use patterns in rural households. The “multiple fuel” model integrates four factors demonstrated to be essential in household decision making under conditions of resource scarcity or uncertainty: (a) economics of fuel and stove type and access conditions to fuels, (b) technical characteristics of cookstoves and cooking practices; (c) cultural preferences; and (d) health impacts. This model also allows better estimates of the expected fuelwood demand and indoor air pollution in rural households.     

Diffusion of rural innovations: Some analytical issues and the case of wood-burning stoves

The literature on the diffusion of rural innovations in Third World countries reveals a spectrum of approaches to the diffusion process. It is argued here that the effectiveness of a particular approach in the diffusion of particular innovations would depend on the technical, the economic and the social characteristics of the innovations. A typology of innovations in terms of these characteristics has been drawn up. This provides the analytical framework within which the instance of wood-burning stoves is concerned. A priori, the characteristics of this innovation are seen to be such as to necessitate the close involvement of the users in the design process itself; they point to the likely inappropriateness of the usual ‘top-down’ approach to diffusion. Available evidence relating to actual experience with promoting wood-burning stoves is seen to bear this out.     

Improved cookstoves in Africa: Explaining adoption patterns

This article uses the case of 18 projects in 14 African countries to explore the adoption patterns of improved cookstoves and the factors that influence these patterns. Our results show that there is variation in the rate of adoption between countries and amongst rural and urban households. The combined effect of moderately good gross domestic product per capita, history of improved cookstove project implementation and adequate institutional support suggests that consumers in South Africa, Senegal and Lesotho tend to be more aware of the benefits of improved cookstoves and better able to afford them than consumers in countries such as Mali, Malawi and Mozambique. Within the countries, rural households seem to be less aware and capable of affording the stoves compared to urban consumers. These differences are a result of varying levels of income and literacy. The low literacy levels mean rural and mostly elderly individuals are less knowledgeable and appreciative of the benefits offered by improved cookstoves.     

Arresting the Killer in the Kitchen: The Promises and Pitfalls of Commercializing Improved Cookstoves

In a shift exemplary of neoliberal approaches to development, major funders of household energy interventions have begun to emphasize market-based stove dissemination over partially subsidized models. Stove promoters are increasingly expected to operate as self-sustaining businesses. This shift is viewed as a way to “scale-up” in order to reach millions of poor households lacking access to clean cooking technologies. Using the case of GIRA, an NGO that has successfully distributed cookstoves in Mexico’s Central Highlands for nearly two decades, we demonstrate how this trend presents challenges for organizations operating effectively with outside funding in highly contextual local conditions.     

Heat comfort of the population of Russia

Estimated consumption of heat from centralized sources, individual thermal generators, and heating stoves by the population of Russia is obtained in the paper. Segments of households are distinguished according to the type of thermal amenities and described, and the thermal comfort situation is analyzed.     

提高工资 拉动内需 促进发展

自改革开放以来,中国经济取得的巨大成就举世瞩目,人民的生活水平得到了极大提高.但与经济发展的速度相比,工资没有完全同步提高,造成了工薪阶层的工资相对落后,因而衍生出一些社会问题.增加群众收入,提高工资已成为当务之急.它可以拉动内需,促进经济的可持续发展,缓解老龄化社会过早到来所带来的一系列社会问题,保障社会的和谐进步.     

现代企业成本控制与财务管理探讨

现代企业财务管理所面临的内外环境都发生了根本性的变化,财务管理的地位上升了,要求也提高了。企业要采取合理的财务管理策略,加强成本控制和分析,转变财务机构的职能,提高财务人员的整体素质,进一步提高企业的成本控制能力和财务管理水平。     

高钙含钒转炉钢渣提钒工艺进展

从舍钒转炉钢渣中提钒主要采用单渣返回、矿热妒冶炼、水法提钒和碳热还原法等工艺，利用这些工艺实现了废弃钢渣的综合利用。     

Designing the DPD: Indonesia's Regional Representative Council

This paper examines the design of the Regional Representative Council (DPD) that Indonesia set up in 2002. Why was it established with its current electoral system and responsibilities? The design of the DPD had to fit within a compromise made between the two then dominant parties and their leaders. The Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle wished to preserve the revered People's Consultative Assembly structure, but without losing the power it then wielded by virtue of being the biggest party in the parliament. The other major party, Golkar, obtained the provincial chamber it sought, but was denied control of it when membership was closed to political parties. The public's demand for greater electoral power was appeased through the method of election chosen for the DPD. Institutionally, the design has not made the workings of the legislature more complicated for the established political actors, because the new chamber has little influence.     

基于项目治理因子的政府投资项目代建制实施现状及问题分析

政府投资项目代建制是我国投资体制改革的重要举措之一,在实施过程中也出现了一些问题.以项目治理理论为基础,分析影响代建制制度设计的关键治理因子,以及与关键治理因子相对应的代建制实施关键环节.针对这些关键环节,采用数据对比的形式分析了国内代建制实施的现状及存在的主要问题,并基于关键治理因子的分析框架对国外政府投资项目管理模式的制度变迁进行了分析与描述.在上述分析的基础上,提出了进一步深化代建制改革的相关建议,将为政府相关职能部门制定政策提供了参考.     

钒制品厂V2O3焙烧炉除尘系统改造

介绍了攀钢集团攀枝花钢钒有限公司钒制品厂V2O3焙烧炉除尘系统改造的除尘工艺、主要设备组成及除尘系统优势．并对该项目进行了投资和社会效益的分析。     

Libéralisation du commerce et intégration spatiale des marchés: Le cas du maïs au Togo

Abstract: The cereal market of Togo was liberalized in 1987. This policy aims to improve markets' spatial integration through the development of arbitrage. The paper assesses the extent of maize market spatial integration in order to understand how it has been affected by price liberalization. The monthly retail maize prices collected on 13 markets for the period from 1980 to 2001 are considered. The results show that the impact of price liberalization on markets integration is moderate. The liberalization has not significantly improved the extent of long‐run and short‐run integration of maize markets. The speed of price adjustment is relatively weak for most of the markets. In order to improve market efficiency, it is suggested that the government should create a market information service (SIM) which will be entrusted in collecting and disseminating weekly cereal prices all over the country.     

中国国际关系学术期刊:回顾与评价

作者对中国国际关系学术期刊进行了回顾和评价。通过对国内六种期刊评价指标的分析,得到两个结论:一是中国国际关系学术期刊的整体水平逐年提升且进步明显;二是中国国际关系学术期刊总体呈现越来越规范的特点。这其中,同行评议审稿等规范化制度的引入对于改善期刊质量起到了关键的作用。作者以《世界经济与政治》杂志为例,对其历史演进做了归纳和总结并得出一些结论:内容上,该刊愈来愈关注国际关系中的重大问题,理论性越来越强;质量上,该刊快速提升的被引半衰期表明所刊发的文章越来越能经受时间的考验。这些结论支持了该文对中国学术期刊做出的整体判断。通过对国外主要期刊的介绍、对比和借鉴,指出中国期刊在推行规范化的内部管理方面仍有待改进,而影响、束缚甚至决定学术期刊发展的外部体制性因素也亟待理顺和疏通。     

纤维地聚物改良土配比设计与固化效果试验研究

地聚物具有快硬早强、耐久性好等优点,是土体改良的理想固化剂,但纤维地聚物改良土可期工程性能却受控于其合理材料配比设计。以偏高岭土为前驱体、生石灰和硅酸钠为碱激发材料制备地聚物材料,开展不同材料配比下的地聚物改良土力学特性试验研究,探讨地聚物理想材料配比设计,分析地聚物改良土体的最优掺量,明确玄武岩纤维掺量与长度对地聚物改良土性能的影响规律,并综合评价地聚物、纤维对土体的固化效果。结果表明,纤维地聚物改良土力学性能随地聚物掺量、纤维掺量、纤维长度增加呈现先增后减变化,当偏高岭土与碱激发剂掺比为2:1、碱激发剂中硅酸钠与生石灰掺比为1:0.8、地聚物在土中总掺比为15%、玄武岩纤维掺量和长度分别为0.4%和12mm时,纤维地聚物改良土力学改良效果最为理想;固化效果对比试验则表明,纤维地聚物改良土的抗压、抗拉、抗剪强度均优于普通水泥土、石灰土和纯黏土。研究成果可为纤维地聚物改良土应用推广提供参考依据。     

基于振动控制的摩托车车架结构优化

主、副脚蹬的振动情况是评判摩托车振动舒适性优劣的重要参考.采用测试分析和计算机辅助工程相结合的方法,分析了引起某弯梁摩托车主、副脚蹬振动舒适性较差的根本原因,并依据相关的分析结果设计了控制该车振动的结构优化方案,利用振动测试试验对改进方案的科学性进行了验证.结果表明,结构优化后的车架与原车架相比,主脚蹬在高转速的共振特征被消除,副脚蹬在高速段的振幅急剧放大现象被明显减弱,优化方案有效,整车的振动水平得到较大提升.研究结果可为摩托车车架的结构优化提供参考.     

基于遗传算法的移动机器人路径规划研究综述

近年来，随着人工智能技术的不断发展，对移动机器人产业的开发和研究受到越来越多的重视。其中，路径规划作为移动机器人设计的关键核心技术之一，更是学术界、产业界关注和研究的热点问题。遗传算法作为智能仿生学算法在移动机器人路径规划中得到了广泛的应用。归纳总结了传统遗传算法、改进遗传算法、混合遗传算法在移动机器人路径规划研究中的应用情况，为相关专业技术人员了解遗传算法在移动机器人路径规划研究中的发展历程及算法应用提供一定的参考。     

企业战略设计的核心变量及方法体系研究

战略是企业生存的本质。我国多数企业出现“没有战略不行,有了战略也不起作用”的两难局面,这于战略设计不无关系。战略设计要选择合适的模式,才能驾御设计方法;抓住核心变量,才能游刃有余。本文主要论述了成本(规模)设计模式、竞争(市场)设计模式、动态(能力)设计模式等3种战略设计模式的思路、核心变量与方法体系。     

经济全球化背景下中国的发展

经济全球化对中国发展提出了很多挑战。但是经过20年的改革开放,中国的经济实力有了很大的提高,积累了不少重要的经验,通过在经济全球化合作过程中采取的一些趋利避害措施,我们相信:我们完全有能力在更大的范围内参与国际竞争,取得最终的胜利。     

Are Cash Budgets a Cure for Excess Fiscal Deficits (and at What Cost)?

This paper investigates the effect of recent reforms of budgetary institutions in Uganda and Zambia. We argue that cash budgeting has brought clear benefits in terms of improved expenditure control with regard to line ministries. Contrary to what is often suggested, however, adoption of a cash budget has not provided a means for top politicians in either country to “tie their hands” with respect to intervention in fiscal policy decisions. In Uganda improved fiscal policy outcomes have, in fact, been achieved as a result of (and not in spite of) discretionary interventions by top politicians. In Zambia, a strict rule imposing a balanced budget on a monthly basis has proven partially effective, due in no small part to International Monetary Fund (IMF) enforcement, but costly in terms of increased volatility of expenditures.     

海上N油田蒸汽驱注采参数智能优化设计

我国海上油田原油资源储量丰富，其中N油田有着大量的稠油资源，现有的多元热流体开采方式已无法进一步提高油田采收率，开采效果差，因此急需开展蒸汽驱注采参数优化研究，但是传统的优化方法主要针对不同参数逐一进行优化方法，无法从全局综合考虑各个参数的协同优化作用，因此最终方案往往是单一参数的最优方案而不是全局最优方案。首先利用Petrol建立了区块地质模型，进而采用数值模拟软件CMG对该油田试验区进行了生产历史拟合，在此基础上使用基于均匀设计的改进型粒子群优化算法（PSO算法）对蒸汽驱开采方案进行整体智能优化，并将预测的开发效果与传统优化方案进行对比。对比结果显示，使用智能优化方案对油田进行开采，累增油量34.05万方，提高采收程度12.8%，相对人工配产方案增油5.39万方，提高采收率2.03%，有着更佳的开采效果。