小额贷款风险影响因素的关系结构分析

本文首先运用Delphi法和系统工程原理筛选并确定了小额贷款风险的14个影响因素,然后应用解释结构模型分析各影响因素的关系结构,结果表明,贷款人文化程度、贷款数额、产品市场现状、产品发展潜力、贷款有无担保、贷款人技术和能力、贷款人经营水平、贷款人信用状况和贷款人家庭收支状况是小额贷款风险的表层直接影响因素,贷款用途、贷款期限和贷款人经营思路是中层间接影响因素,贷款利率和政府对小额贷款的支持力度是深层根本影响因素。这些研究结果对于科学识别小额贷款风险有着重要意义。     

小额贷款风险影响因素的关系结构分析

本文运用Delphi法和系统工程原理筛选并确定了小额贷款风险的影响因素,并应用解释结构模型分析各影响因素的关系结构。结果表明,贷款人文化程度、贷款数额、产品市场现状、产品发展潜力、贷款有无担保、贷款人技术和能力、贷款人经营水平、贷款人信用状况和贷款人家庭收支状况是小额贷款风险的表层直接影响因素,贷款用途、贷款期限和贷款人经营思路是中层间接影响因素,贷款利率和政府对小额贷款的支持力度是深层根本影响因素。     

小额贷款风险影响因素的关系结构分析

本文运用Delphi法和系统工程原理筛选并确定了小额贷款风险的影响因素,并应用解释结构模型分析各影响因素的关系结构.结果表明,贷款人文化程度、贷款数额、产品市场现状、产品发展潜力、贷款有无担保、贷款人技术和能力、贷款人经营水平、贷款人信用状况和贷款人家庭收支状况是小额贷款风险的表层直接影响因素,贷款用途、贷款期限和贷款人经营思路是中层间接影响因素,贷款利率和政府对小额贷款的支持力度是深层根本影响因素.     

政府隐性担保一定能降低债券的融资成本吗?——关于国有企业和地方融资平台债券的实证研究北大核心CSSCISSCI

国有企业和地方融资平台在一定程度上都受政府隐性担保,政府隐性担保是否会因两者之间的不同而发生变化,进而产生不同的影响?通过对2007-2012年上市债券的研究,我们发现,政府隐性担保降低了国有企业债券的风险,却增加了地方融资平台债券的风险。我们还发现,信用评级越低,政府隐性担保越能降低国有企业债券的风险,相反,信用评级越高,政府隐性担保越能增加地方融资平台债券的风险。不同于国有企业,政府帮助地方融资平台取得债务资金,隐性担保的方式发生了变化,损害了债权人的利益。     

金融业开放、政府隐性担保与系统性金融风险防范北大核心

在金融业开放不断推进的背景下，政府隐性担保的存在是否会导致金融部门过多借入外债而承受更大的风险？应当如何制定应对政策？本文在包含金融部门开放的动态随机一般均衡模型中引入金融部门破产机制，分析金融业开放的影响，并讨论政府隐性担保对系统性金融风险的影响。研究结果表明：金融开放程度越高，银行的资产负债表对资本流动的变化越敏感，加剧了国内外风险冲击对投资和产出的负面影响。此时，政府的信贷救助政策可通过减少资本外流和银行净资产损失降低风险溢价，从而改善宏观经济状况。然而，对危机下政府信贷救助的预期将导致银行机构在正常状态下借入更多的外债，产生道德风险问题，进而使金融危机发生的概率上升，衰退程度加深。进一步地，对金融机构实施宏观审慎监管可以有效抑制政府隐性担保预期所造成的道德风险，从而降低系统性金融风险爆发的概率。     

城投债的担保可信吗？——来自债券评级和发行定价的证据

本文以中国地方融资平台公司发行的城投债作为研究样本,考察债券市场的评级机构和机构投资者对城投债“双重担保”(债券的“名义担保”与地方政府的 “隐性担保”)所做反应的异质性。研究发现:有担保的债券和地方政府公共财政收入的增加均有利于提高债券评级,但对债券信用利差的降低却无显著影响。这种现象的产生,其原因可能在于债券评级市场“发行人付费”的商业模式下,评级机构与发行人之间的合谋导致了债券的发行评级并不能完全真实地反映债券违约风险,从而机构投资者只能依赖其内部评级体系对此进行纠正。这种现象的存在让中国债券市场上的评级机构普遍面临信任危机,同时也对债券市场的进一步发展形成阻碍。     

政府隐性担保、利率市场化与债券违约——基于东北特钢的案例

本文基于东北特钢的债券违约事件,探讨国有企业债券违约的内在逻辑、经济后果以及市场化处理机制。研究发现:政府的隐性担保使得国有企业更容易受到银行和债券市场的青睐,导致其债务成本过低、过度负债和投融资期限的错配;随着利率市场化改革的推进,刚性兑付和隐性担保逐渐被破除,东北特钢未能及时调整自身资本结构以及债务期限结构,加之产能利用不足、盈利能力落后致使债券违约;通过在重组中引入民营企业战略投资者,东北特钢的债务结构得到了优化,技术创新不断增强,盈利能力持续向好。本文研究表明,打破债券市场的刚性兑付和隐性担保,为国有企业去杠杆提供市场化的环境是解决国有企业债务违约的制度保障,而引入战略投资者进行重组则是解决债券违约的可行路径。     

地方政府债务可持续性及规模风险度量

本文分地方性政府债务在置换债券推行之前的可持续性以及预计置换债券结束之后的规模风险两个角度讨论了地方性政府债务的风险状况。第一部分构建并证明了政府债务可持续性的约束条件,并对各省份的数据进行回归分析,对之前地方性政府债务的可持续状况作出客观评价;第二部分构建KMV模型,估计2018年度的地方性政府财政收入的相关数据,并得出发债规模与违约概率得相关性,估算了2018年度置换债券完成之后的地方政府债券违约风险。     

“去刚兑”背景下的企业债券违约风险：机器学习预警和经济机制探究

本文构建了包含1245个变量的宏观经济-微观企业混合大数据集,并结合10种机器学习算法,开展基于大数据和机器学习的债券违约风险预警,探究其背后经济机制。实证结果表明：相比经典Altman模型、Merton模型、信用评级模型,机器学习模型能够更好地预测我国债券市场违约风险,非线性机器学习模型表现更佳。异质性分析表明,机器学习模型对信用评级低、发行期限长、票面利率高、非国有企业、银行间市场的债券,以及在经济政策不确定性(公众基于媒体报道对政府经济政策未来走向的预期的不确定性)高的时期,具有更强的预测能力。机制分析表明,机器学习模型通过违约债券样本识别、短期信号识别(债券交易量)、长期特征识别(融资约束、内部控制)实现精准预测。本文对于债券违约风险预警、维护金融稳定、信用评级体系完善、金融科技创新和金融服务实体经济提供了有益的政策启示。     

违约风险与流动性风险对债券利差影响的交互效应

本文基于双向固定效应模型的实证研究结果表明,违约风险、流动性风险和风险交互均会对债券利差产生影响,其中风险交互对债券利差的影响最强,提高了流动性风险与违约风险对债券利差的边际效应。通过分析不同违约风险与流动性风险组合下的风险交互对债券利差的影响差异,发现风险交互效应与违约风险和流动性风险的风险等级不存在必然联系,中（低）风险组合的债券可能存在高风险交互效应,因而在受到负面冲击时可能发生实质性违约。     

Bayesian Premium Rating with Latent Structure

We propose a fully Bayesian approach to non-life risk premium rating, based on hierarchical models with latent variables for both claim frequency and claim size. Inference is based on the joint posterior distribution and is performed by Markov Chain Monte Carlo. Rather than plug-in point estimates of all unknown parameters, we take into account all sources of uncertainty simultaneously when the model is used to predict claims and estimate risk premiums. Several models are fitted to both a simulated dataset and a small portfolio regarding theft from cars. We show that interaction among latent variables can improve predictions significantly. We also investigate when interaction is not necessary. We compare our results with those obtained under a standard generalized linear model and show through numerical simulation that geographically located and spatially interacting latent variables can successfully compensate for missing covariates. However, when applied to the real portfolio data, the proposed models are not better than standard models due to the lack of spatial structure in the data.     

The development of the group accounts disclosure system in Japan

The Japanese disclosure system of consolidated statements was introduced in 1977 and extensively revised in 1997. The role of the bureaucracy has been significant in these developments and seems to be part of Japan's closed culture. However, other explanations could also be applied. In particular, although Japanese firms opposed such disclosures on the basis of preparation costs, the Japanese government had to modernize the disclosure system, including consolidation, in order to develop the securities market regardless of an individual company's interests.     

Moments of Compound Mixed Poisson Distributions

Recursive formulae are derived for the evaluation of the moments and the descending factorial moments about a point n of mixed Poisson and compound mixed Poisson distributions, in the case where the derivative of the logarithm of the mixing density can be written as a ratio of polynomials. As byproduct, we also obtain recursive formulae for the evaluation of the moments about the origin, central moments, descending and ascending factorial moments of these distributions. Examples are also presented for a number of mixing densities.     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

The deliberation around accounting techniques: accounting for depreciation and foreign exchange in an Indian jute company, 1870-1900

This paper examines the way two accounting techniques, namely depreciation and foreign exchange, were deliberated on, between 1870 and 1900, in an Indian jute company whose shareholders resided in the UK. The arena for these deliberations was the conflictual relationship between controlling and non-controlling shareholders as to how best to account for depreciation and foreign exchange especially when the particular accountings affected distributional issues such as the dividend decision. The purpose of this paper is to analyse and explain the processes by which a company's accounting practices emerge and develop as a contest between different interests. Accounting framed the parameters of the deliberations and provided the language of power and dissent. The paper uses a rich archive that includes narrative and accounting material.     

Disclosure of government financial information and the cost of local government’s debt financing——Empirical evidence from provincial investment bonds for urban construction

China’s slowing economic growth and rapid urbanization have made local government debt financing a significant issue.This study uses a sample of China’s provinc...     

Pricing Dynamic Insurance Risks Using the Principle of Equivalent Utility

We introduce an expected utility approach to price insurance risks in a dynamic financial market setting. The valuation method is based on comparing the maximal expected utility functions with and without incorporating the insurance product, as in the classical principle of equivalent utility. The pricing mechanism relies heavily on risk preferences and yields two reservation prices - one each for the underwriter and buyer of the contract. The framework is rather general and applies to a number of applications that we extensively analyze.     

Guidelines for Manuscripts Submitted to The China Journal of Accounting Research

正The China Journal of Accounting Research"CJAR"(ISSN 1755-3091)publishes quarterly.It contains peer-reviewed articles and commentaries on accounting,auditing and corporate governance issues that relate to the greater China region.We welcome the submission of both theoretical and empirical research papers pertinent to researchers,regulators and practitioners.Authors should note:1 Submissions must be original     

International harmonization of Japanese accounting standards

Historically, Japanese accounting standards have been quite distinct from International Accounting Standards (IASs) which have been perceived as being modelled on British-American accounting standards. However, in the 1990s, after the publication of E32 in 1989 and the IASC-IOSCO Agreement in 1995, the Business Accounting Deliberation Committee (BADC), the standards-setting body in Japan, has pursued a policy of harmonization with IASs. Accounting standards relating to consolidated financial statements of companies that make cross-border offerings of securities or operate worldwide are being revised drastically. This paper focuses on the development of international accounting harmonization and its impact on Japan.