国企高管超额薪酬与自愿披露社会责任：“为公利”还是“解私忧”?

基于代理理论,运用回归分析模型,依据社会责任披露意愿和质量的相关数据,考量国有企业高管超额薪酬对自愿披露社会责任的影响。结果发现：国有企业高管超额薪酬与企业自愿披露社会责任正相关;高管薪酬超过契约参照点的程度越高,超额薪酬对自愿披露社会责任质量的影响程度就越高,会导致企业的股价崩盘风险升高的经济后果,高管超额薪酬与企业业绩显著负相关。鉴于此,可为企业自愿披露社会责任的“薪酬辩护”动机提供证据。     

政府补助、超额薪酬与薪酬辩护

本文以我国上市公司2008-2011年的数据为样本,通过考察政府补助这一外生变量对高管超额薪酬以及薪酬-业绩敏感性的影响,检验高管薪酬契约的有效性。结果发现,经理人利用政府补助获得超额薪酬,谋取私利;并且经理人还通过提高薪酬-业绩敏感性,为其超额薪酬进行结果正当性辩护,以掩盖其自利的行为。上述研究显示,简单地将薪酬与业绩挂钩的契约会受到业绩噪音的影响,降低契约激励经理人努力的效应,这为我国进一步完善薪酬契约提供了新的经验证据。     

权力型国有企业高管支付了更高的职工薪酬吗?

管理层权力假说从个人私利角度解释管理层权力与高管、职工薪酬的正相关关系,但国内文献并未关注管理层权力如何影响职工薪酬。本文以2007～2010年间A股国有上市公司为样本,研究了我国国有企业管理层权力对职工薪酬的影响及其成因。结果显示:(1)权力大的国有企业CEO更倾向于支付较低的职工薪酬。(2)CEO权力大的国有企业更可能超额雇员,超额雇员是国有企业CEO权力与职工薪酬负相关的一种可能解释。(3)进一步分析表明,职工力量、职工监事、管理层持股等内外部制约因素并未有效制约管理层权力,反而增强了CEO权力对职工薪酬的负向影响。本文从超额雇员角度解释了我国国有企业管理层权力与职工薪酬的负相关关系,有助于丰富薪酬的管理层权力假说。     

产品市场竞争、管理层权力与薪酬辩护

以2011~2014年我国 A 股上市公司为研究样本,基于薪酬辩护的视角,考察管理层权力对薪酬—业绩敏感性的影响以及产品市场竞争的监督约束作用。实证结果表明,企业高管利用手中权力获取超额薪酬、谋取私利的同时,会通过提升薪酬—业绩敏感性为自身薪酬进行辩护,形成薪酬契约合理有效的表象;产品市场竞争能够显著抑制企业高管的薪酬辩护行为,降低管理层权力对薪酬契约的影响和扭曲。     

上市公司自愿信息披露与高管薪酬绩效敏感度

本文考察了自愿信息披露程度对高管薪酬绩效敏感度的影响。我们发现,自愿信息披露本身对高管薪酬无显著影响,但对高管薪酬绩效敏感度的影响显著为正。此外,在董事会有女性董事或者不存在两权分离的情况下,自愿信息披露对高管薪酬绩效敏感度的影响显著为正。这说明公司治理较好的董事会可以更好的利用自愿披露的信息对高管进行评价,从而改善对高管的激励。     

行政垄断、公司规模与CEO权力薪酬

由于国有企业CEO薪酬由国资委决定,CEO权力无法影响自身薪酬,因此国有企业CEO薪酬可能并不适用管理层权力假说,但现有文献结论并非如此。规模、行政垄断以及业绩是高管薪酬契约最主要的决定因素,管理层权力对其影响较弱,因此仅仅在回归中控制行业、规模、所有制等因素,所得结论可能并不稳健。本文以2007—2010年间4277个A股上市公司为样本的研究发现:在控制行政垄断与规模因素后,非国有企业CEO权力与CEO薪酬显著正相关,而国有企业CEO权力与CEO薪酬不符合管理层权力假说。本文研究有助于丰富薪酬管理层权力假说,有助于理解CEO权力在薪酬决定中的作用。     

会计信息可比性与高管薪酬契约有效性

会计信息在高管激励契约中的作用历来是理论与实务中关注的重要问题。本文以2006～2016年我国上市公司为对象,研究会计信息可比性与高管薪酬契约有效性之间的关系,结果发现,会计信息可比性与公司高管薪酬-业绩敏感度之间存在显著正相关关系。与国有企业相比,会计信息可比性对薪酬契约有效性的影响在非国有企业中更为显著。进一步分析发现,会计信息可比性与高管薪酬-业绩敏感度之间的正相关关系在信息复杂程度较高、内部控制质量较差、外部监督较弱的企业中更为显著。总体而言,本文的研究结果表明会计信息可比性特征对薪酬契约有效性具有重要影响。     

并购行为提升高管薪酬效应的内在机理——基于管理层权力理论视角的分析

并购作为一项最为重要的资源整合战略．是高管实现企业价值提升的首选手段。但是现实情况中,随着企业并购活动的发生,无论并购绩效如何,高管的薪酬都在不断增加,并购可能成为高管利用权力追求个人利益最大化的机会主义行为,这现象似乎违背了最优契约理论。本文结合我国的现实背景,选取2009--2011年深沪两市的A股国有控股上市公司1674个样本数据作为研究对象,对管理层权力、并购行为和高管薪酬之间的关系进行实证研究．探究管理层权力对高管基于薪酬动机诱发并购行为的影响。研究发现,管理层权力与高管薪酬呈现显著正相关关系：并购行为具有提升高管薪酬的效应;在管理层权力控制下,并购行为与高管薪酬显著正相关;并购公司管理层权力对高管薪酬的影响比非并购公司更大。实证表明．存在高管利用权力通过并购的途径提高自身薪酬的行为。在管理层权力理论的逻辑体系下,高管薪酬是目的,并购行为是手段;并购行为影响高管薪酬是现象与途径,而管理层权力对高管薪酬的影响才是本质与内在机理。     

并购行为提升高管薪酬效应的内在机理——基于管理层权力理论视角的分析

并购作为一项最为重要的资源整合战略,是高管实现企业价值提升的首选手段。但是现实情况中,随着企业并购活动的发生,无论并购绩效如何,高管的薪酬都在不断增加,并购可能成为高管利用权力追求个人利益最大化的机会主义行为,这现象似乎违背了最优契约理论。本文结合我国的现实背景,选取2009—2011年深沪两市的A股国有控股上市公司1674个样本数据作为研究对象,对管理层权力、并购行为和高管薪酬之间的关系进行实证研究,探究管理层权力对高管基于薪酬动机诱发并购行为的影响。研究发现,管理层权力与高管薪酬呈现显著正相关关系;并购行为具有提升高管薪酬的效应;在管理层权力控制下,并购行为与高管薪酬显著正相关;并购公司管理层权力对高管薪酬的影响比非并购公司更大。实证表明,存在高管利用权力通过并购的途径提高自身薪酬的行为。在管理层权力理论的逻辑体系下,高管薪酬是目的,并购行为是手段;并购行为影响高管薪酬是现象与途径,而管理层权力对高管薪酬的影响才是本质与内在机理。     

政府补助、管理层权力与国有企业高管超额薪酬

本文以国有上市公司2010-2016年数据为样本,通过中介效应模型和分行业的机制检验方法验证政府补助引致管理层权力扩张,进而增加高管超额薪酬的机理。研究结果显示政府补助与高管超额薪酬呈正相关关系,管理层权力对政府补助之于高管超额薪酬具有中介效应,相较于管制行业,政府补助非管制行业所带来的管理层权力扩张效应更加明显。进一步研究发现:政府补助与央企管理层权力的关系不显著,政府补助引致地方国有企业管理层获得更多的超额薪酬,东部地区地方国有企业高管获得超额薪酬低于中西部地区,大规模地方国有企业高管获得超额薪酬低于中小规模企业。最后对政府补助下管理层权力的治理提出相应的建议。     

The Response of Commercial Banks to Compensation Reform

This study assesses changes in the executive compensation policy of 94 commercial banks following the SEC's expanded compensation disclosure rules and revisions in the Internal Revenue Code regarding deductibility of compensation expense. During the period from 1989–1997, commercial banks experience a significant decline in the number of insiders serving in executive compensation committees. Following compensation reform, banks seem to substitute non-cash for cash compensation, and exhibit a somewhat stronger pay-for-performance relationship. Further, board structures are statistically indistinguishable among banks that were acquired compared to surviving banks, and between banks and a sample of electric utilities. Taken together, our analysis suggests that compensation reform, rather than deregulation or corporate control, led commercial banks to change their governance structures and provides limited evidence that such changes enhanced the incentive effects of compensation contracts.     

The Determinants of REIT CEO Compensation

Executive compensation has garnered much attention in the last decade from both academicians and practitioners. We examine the relationship between increase in CEO compensation, industry-specific performance measures, and stock return for the years 1993–1999 in the Real Estate Investment Trust (REIT) industry. We find evidence that compensation evaluation is related to stock returns, and to changes in Real Estate Investment and Funds from Operation for the years 1997, 1998, and 1999. Furthermore, we document a negative relation between CEO raise and age. We find no link between compensation and earnings per share, whether the REIT is self-managed, or type of property in which the REIT specializes.     

Earnings-Based Bonus Compensation

This article studies the cost of contingent earnings-based bonus compensation. We assume that the firm has normal and abnormal earnings. The normal earnings result from normal firm activities and are modeled as an arithmetic Brownian motion. The abnormal earnings result from surprising activities (e.g., introduction of an unexpected new product, an unexpected strike) and are modeled as a compound Poisson process where the earnings jump sizes have a normal distribution. We investigate, in a simple general equilibrium model, how normal and abnormal earnings affect the cost of contingent bonus compensation to the firm.     

Pensions as a Form of Executive Compensation

This paper investigates the role of pensions as an element of total executive compensation, and the relationship between pensions and performance‐based compensation in executive pay. Using hand‐collected data on FTSE 100 CEOs and senior executives from 2004?2011, we document that pensions function as a substitute for performance‐based compensation (primarily bonuses) in both cross‐sectional and time‐series settings. We also examine the effect of corporate governance characteristics on executive pensions. We find that corporate governance characteristics associated with stronger board monitoring play a constraining role on the magnitude of pensions. Our evidence of substitution effects between pensions and performance‐based compensation is consistent with a managerial power view of executive compensation‐setting, and the use of pensions as a ‘stealth’ element of compensation. Our findings are robust to considering different types of pensions, product market competition, and cross‐listing. Sub‐period analysis shows that pensions decrease and substitution effects weaken following the 2008 financial crisis. Moreover, we find no evidence that the use of compensation consultants with potential conflicts of interest is associated with higher pensions. Overall, our study contributes to a greater understanding of the role of pensions in executive compensation, and shows the importance of including pensions in analysis of executive compensation.     

Executive Compensation in UK Property Companies

We study the drivers of executive compensation in the listed UK property sector. The UK provides an excellent opportunity to analyze executive compensation due to high transparency in the different components of executive compensation. We show that company size is the most important variable in explaining the level of executive compensation. We find that absolute and relative share performance significantly explains long-term compensation, that management style has a distinct influence on the level of executive compensation, and that using alternative monitoring mechanisms (institutional shareholders, debtholders, and outside directors) leads to higher levels of long-term incentives. We find only weak evidence of pay-performance sensitivity for both cash and long-term compensation. Executive shareholdings provide a much stronger link between pay and performance than does executive compensation.

Compensation contracts and fire sales

This paper analyzes the impact of remuneration practices on banks’ risk-taking in a model with fire sales externalities. When these externalities are not internalized by a bank's shareholders and executives, borrowing and fire sales are higher than the socially optimal level. Our analysis shows that plain-vanilla equity fails to internalize fire sales externalities. Deferred equity and long-term bonuses unrelated to short-term profits can restore social efficiency. Bail-in bonds can achieve efficiency at a smaller cost since they allow for state-contingent payments. It is not the level but the composition of variable compensation that determines the inefficiency. Excessive regulation may lead to suboptimal levels of risk-taking. Government guarantees reinforce the fire sales externalities and the need for regulation.     

Determination of Executive Compensation in an Emerging Economy. Evidence from India

Most studies of the determination of executive compensation are based on the experience of developed countries, and mainly focus on Chief Executive Officer (CEO) compensation. Determination of board compensation is relatively ignored in the literature. This paper examines the effect of corporate governance, firm performance, and corporate diversification on the board, as well as CEO compensation and its components, in the context of an emerging economy-India-where a managerial market has yet to develop. Data for 462 firms for 1997-2002 in the Indian manufacturing sector have been used. This paper finds that board compensation largely depends on current- and past-year performance and diversification of the firm, whereas CEO compensation depends on current-year firm performance only. Among the personal attributes of the CEO, only in-firm experience has significant influence on CEO compensation. This finding contradicts the existing studies, where current- and past-year firm performance, as well as age, experience, and education of the CEO are important factors in determining CEO compensation.     

Compensation consultants and CEO pay

The study examines the practice of employing multiple compensation consultants. Examining data of a sample of UK companies over the period 2003–2006 we find that CEOs receive higher equity-based pay when firms employ more than one compensation consultant. An increase in the number of compensation consultants is also associated with an increase in CEO equity-based pay, whereas no decline in CEO pay takes place when firms reduce the number of pay consultants. We also observe that the market shares of compensation consultant are positively related to CEO equity-based pay.     

香港证券投资者赔偿基金制度改革评析

保护投资者尤其是中小投资者是证券监管的核心之一,投资者保障基金是对投资者保护的一个重要组成部分.内地证券投资者保障基金的设立尚在酝酿之中,而香港证券投资者赔偿基金制度的建立已经有相当长的历史,并且还在不断地改进、完善.本文研究了香港证券投资者赔偿基金制度改革的背景和成功经验,以期为内地相关制度的建立提供借鉴.     

中国上市银行CEO报酬与银行绩效的关系

由于银行业在资本结构、监管等方面与一般企业存在显著区别,因此基于一般企业的公司治理结论是否适用于银行业值得商榷.本文采用2002～2006年上市银行样本,在充分考虑银行业特殊性的基础上,对银行CEO报酬与银行绩效间关系进行了实证分析.研究表明,由于银行业治理结构的特殊性,使其在CEO报酬对公司绩效影响方面,与一般企业存在显著区别.研究发现,银行CEO报酬对银行业绩有显著促进作用,而对股东权益却有相反影响.实证结果还表明,银行业绩和规模对银行CEO报酬有显著影响.