劳动力市场性别差距、生产结构转型与人口增长转变

本文从劳动力市场性别差距视角为理解生产结构转型与人口增长转变的互动关系提出了新的理论机制。以脑力劳动密集型生产部门比重提高为特征的生产结构转型将缩小性别工资差距,提高家庭生育养育机会成本并降低生育率,进而增加女性劳动相对供给,这又会进一步提高脑力劳动密集型生产部门比重。直接干预女性劳动定价政策可能会带来女性结构性失业,反而扩大劳动力市场性别差距,且不利于生产结构转型;单方面降低女性生育养育成本政策虽然能够提高生育率,但也可能产生类似不利影响;降低男性生育养育成本政策既可以提高生育率,又可以缩小劳动力市场性别差距,并促进生产结构转型;生育养育成本补贴支出由政府承担的影响比由企业承担更为温和。本文结果表明,促进人口长期均衡发展的政策应与缩小劳动力市场性别差距、推动生产结构转型的政策统筹谋划和协调推进。本文研究为“优化人口发展战略,建立生育支持政策体系”提供了一定的理论依据和参考。     

我国农业资本积累与农村人口的疏导

一、农业资本积累农业资本积累的严格经济学含义是指农产品的资本化生产,代表着生产的大规模集中和采用先进的农业生产技术,发生资本对土地和劳动力的替代。农业资本的积累是一个世界性的经济发展历程,是大部分农业国家在经济发展过程中必须经历的基本阶段。这个阶段除了技术进步的推动以外,还有重要的经济原因:土地的数量有限而地租成本不断上升,劳动力的成本因为生活水平和工资水平的提高而上升得更     

数字经济、非认知技能溢价与性别工资差距

数字经济发展重塑了劳动力技能的需求结构,同时对传统人力资本理论提出了挑战。本文基于工作任务模型,引入认知技能与非认知技能不可分割假定,构建了一个一般均衡模型,同时使用2018年中国家庭追踪调查数据,探究数字经济对不同类型技能回报率的影响,并考察其如何影响中国劳动力市场中的性别工资差距。研究表明,数字经济发展导致非常规工作任务部门就业的增加与非认知技能工资回报率的提升,从而相对非认知技能水平更高的劳动者获得更高的工资回报,这一作用主要通过促进非常规工作任务职业选择概率提高与社会资本投资增加来实现;数字经济发展有助于缩小性别工资差距,但由于非认知技能回报率的性别差异,导致常规工作任务职业内性别工资差距的不断扩大。因此,政府部门在推动数字经济发展的同时,应注重劳动者非认知技能的开发和培养,以适应数字经济发展对劳动力技能需求结构的重塑,促进工资增长。     

浅析性别产生的社会工资差别

本文从性别工资差别的形成入手,分析了性别这种因素对社会工资的差别产生的影响,并对我国歧视性性别工资差别现状予以简要分析, 最后提出解决我国由于性别歧视造成工资差别应采取的政策措施.     

人口结构转变与金融市场发展

文章分析了人口结构变动、居民财富增长和金融市场发展间的关系,通过实证研究,文章认为,在中国人口老龄化这一结构变动趋势下,未来股票市场可能面临下行压力,而固定收益类产品,尤其是债券市场将迎来发展机遇,但长期利率可能面临下行压力。     

垄断与行业工资差距问题研究——基于中国行业工资决定因素的微观计量分析

从行业工资决定因素分析的视角,在考虑到样本自选择偏差校正的情况下构造了Treat-ment-effects模型作为行业工资决定因素的微观计量模型,并利用CHARLS数据分析检验了垄断对中国行业工资差距的影响.实证结果表明,行业的垄断性对于行业工资决定进而行业间工资差距的影响较大且显著;即使是校正了自选择偏差之后,垄断行业的平均工资水平依然高于非垄断行业的平均工资水平大约39%.     

两岸贸易对两岸制造业工资差距的影响研究

近30年来,两岸贸易深入发展对两岸收入水平产生了重要影响,主要表现为制造业工资差距逐步缩小。从理论上分析,两岸相互的进出口会由于商品价格机制、技术进步机制的作用以及两岸货币汇率和贸易流量的变化而促使两岸工资差距缩小。统计数据检验表明,两岸贸易(主要是台湾对大陆的出口)对两岸制造业工资差距缩小存在正向影响。因此,进一步加强两岸经贸合作有利于提升两岸人们的福祉。     

企业出口与工资差距——来自中国制造业的证据

从世界银行企业投资调查数据中可以发现,中国出口企业内部的工资差距高于非出口企业.由于处在生产技术结构与所在地区比较优势更为接近的行业中的企业,在没有保护和补贴的情况下具有自生能力,能够获得较高的剩余,所以这类企业在开放竞争的条件下资本积累速度更快,在资本技术互补的假设下,增加了对更高技能劳动力的需求.出口对企业内高级管...     

经济全球化、劳动力转移与我国沿海-内陆地区工资差距的实证分析

采用Theil指数量化了我国地区工资差距,并将其分解为沿海和内陆地区内和地区间的工资差距;分析FDI、出口溢出、劳动力转移等影响沿海一内陆工资差距的机制,建立实证模型,采用我国省际面板数据进行了实证研究.结论表明,FDI的地区分布差距对于工资差距的影响表现为倒U型机制,地区间的出口溢出和跨地区的劳动力转移扩大了沿海一内陆工资差距,教育投入、技术进步等也是影响地区工资差距的重要因素.     

从人口流动模型分析我国城乡收入差距

二元经济结构决定了我国城乡收入差距的存在。按照人口流动模型,城乡人口流动会缩小和抹平这一差距。然而现实却与此相悖,我国存在人口流动和收入差距不断扩大并存的状况。论文通过细致解析人口流动模型,并结合我国的实际,解释和探究了悖论的原因,并据此得出结论和政策建议。     

Wage gap and stock returns: Do investors dislike pay inequality?

Recent research shows that a high wage-gap between managers and workers identifies better-performing firms, but the stock market does not seem to price this information. In this paper, we show that not all investors neglect pay inequality. Using a unique data set on German firms’ employee compensation, we find that the mispricing of the wage gap is driven by limits to arbitrage. Specifically, some investors seem to bid up low-wage-gap stocks for non-monetary reasons, thus exhibiting a preference for low pay-inequality. The results suggest that firms with equitable pay schemes are rewarded with a lower cost of capital.     

The anatomy of growth in the OECD since 1870

Conventional growth accounting exercises are extended in this paper to allow for endogeneity of capital, demographic transitions, age dependency, and employment rates, among other factors. Using data for the OECD countries in the period 1870-2006 it is shown that growth has been predominantly driven by demographics and TFP growth. TFP has, in turn, been driven by R&D, knowledge spillovers through the channel of imports, educational attainment, and the interaction between educational attainment and the distance to the technology frontier. The estimates suggest permanent growth effects of R&D and human capital.     

Tax reform and external balance

This paper examines the effect of a transformation from capital taxation to consumption in an open economy. With the residential capital tax rate being endogenous, an increase in the domestic consumption tax rate decreases the interest rate, increases capital accumulation, and increases the domestic country's net foreign asset holdings and trade surplus. With the territorial capital tax rate being endogenous, an increase in the domestic consumption tax rate may either increase or decrease the domestic country's interest rate, net foreign asset holdings and trade surplus, depending on the interest elasticity of capital demand.     

工资税盾、替代效应与资本结构

基于中国计税工资限额扣除标准提高的外生性事件,本文从工资薪金提供的“非债务税盾”角度,探索性地研究工资税盾与资本结构的关系。结果表明,计税工资限额扣除标准提高后,与未接近“税收耗损状态”公司相比,接近“税收耗损状态”公司更为显著地降低了债务水平,该发现符合“非债务税盾”与资本结构之间存在“替代效应”的理论预期,也验证了“税收耗损状态”假说。进一步研究表明:未接近和接近“税收耗损状态”两类公司的差异主要反映在长期债务上,而在短期债务上并不明显;与国有企业相比,两类公司的差异在非国有企业中更为明显;另外,与税收征管力度较弱地区相比,征管力度较强地区两类公司间的差异更为明显。本文的研究成果不仅提供了“非债务税盾”形式的新证据,还发现产权性质和税收征管环境等也是影响非债务税盾与资本结构之间关系的重要因素。     

房价、城市规模与工资性收入差距——基于中国32个大中城市面板数据的实证检验

基于中国32个大中城市面板数据,拓展Matlack和Vigdor的模型,考量房价、城市规模与工资性收入差距之间的关系。结果表明：房价上涨会引起以基尼系数衡量的工资性收入差距缩小,但当城市规模处于较大水平时,房价上涨又会拉大工资性收入差距;城市规模扩大会显著缩小工资性收入差距,但当城市房价已处于较高水平时,城市规模的继续扩张则会拉大工资性收入差距。     

Time to wealth goals in capital accumulation

This paper considers the problem of investment of capital in risky assets in a dynamic capital market in continuous time. The model controls risk, and in particular the risk associated with errors in the estimation of asset returns. The framework for investment risk is a geometric Brownian motion model for asset prices, with random rates of return. The information filtration process and the capital allocation decisions are considered separately. The filtration is based on a Bayesian model for asset prices, and an (empirical) Bayes estimator for current price dynamics is developed from the price history. Given the conditional price dynamics, investors allocate wealth to achieve their financial goals efficiently over time. The price updating and wealth reallocations occur when control limits on the wealth process are attained. A Bayesian fractional Kelly strategy is optimal at each rebalancing, assuming that the risky assets are jointly lognormal distributed. The strategy minimizes the expected time to the upper wealth limit while maintaining a high probability of reaching that goal before falling to a lower wealth limit. The fractional Kelly strategy is a blend of the log-optimal portfolio and cash and is equivalently represented by a negative power utility function, under the multivariate lognormal distribution assumption. By rebalancing when control limits are reached, the wealth goals approach provides greater control over downside risk and upside growth. The wealth goals approach with random rebalancing times is compared to the expected utility approach with fixed rebalancing times in an asset allocation problem involving stocks, bonds, and cash.     

Time-dependent or state-dependent wage-setting? Evidence from periods of macroeconomic instability

Administrative data on monthly wages in Iceland during 1998–2010 provide new insight into nominal wage rigidity. Unlike the data used in previous work, ours have a higher frequency, minimal measurement error, and a long sample including a period of substantial macroeconomic instability. We find that the monthly frequency of nominal wage changes is 13 percent. Although nominal wage cuts are rare, their frequency rises following a large macroeconomic shock. Timing of wage changes is both time-dependent and state-dependent: we find evidence of synchronization of adjustment and contracts of fixed duration, but also that inflation and unemployment over the wage spell affect the timing of adjustment.