企业高层管理团队绩效的模糊综合评价研究

企业高层管理团队是由社会精英人士组成的复杂系统,以往对其绩效的评定研究大都停留在繁复数据的简单归纳和各类变量的定性评价上,既易于失真又难以体现TMT运作的动态性。因此,应在系统分析其绩效各要素内涵及彼此关联的基础上,综合运用模糊数学工具,构建以绩效的六维力度体系为核心的绩效数学模型及相应评价方法,以减少主观噪声的干扰而真实反映TMT绩效的客观状态。     

International Diversification and Performance: Evidence from Singapore

This study focuses on how international diversification affects a firm in terms of multiple performance measures (accounting-based, market-based, and intangible value creation). The study is unique as it uses segment data made available only recently, which enables the examination of both product and international diversification with performance. The period studied coincided with Singapore firms performance during the Asian Financial Crisis. In contrast to previous studies on Singapore, our results show that product diversification is negatively correlated to all measures of performance, while international market diversification is positively correlated. We attribute the difference to the time period which covers both upswings and downturns of the economy, unlike previous studies which considered only the former. Other control measures were incorporated; firm size is highly significant in explaining all measures of performance but not so for firm age, leverage, risk and industry. For top managers, we suggest that regardless of economic climate, the dominant diversification strategy is to take a focused approach to product diversification, but a broad approach to international diversification.Dr. Er and Dr. Kwok are assistant professors in the Department of Finance & Accounting, National University of Singapore (NUS). Mr Lin recently graduated with a B.B.A. honours (1st class) degree from NUS.     

Product diversification in international joint ventures: performance implications in an emerging market

This study extends product diversification research to a new organizational form (IJV) and a new environmental context (emerging market). It explores the extent to which product relatedness with both foreign and local parents affects IJV performance as perceived by venture managers. After controlling for relevant variables, analysis of the data containing 134 IJVs in China validates our major premise: the relatedness of an IJV's products with that of its foreign and local parents is positively associated with its performance. An IJV maintaining bilateral related diversification (i.e., with both parents) performs better than a venture maintaining a unilateral related linkage (i.e., with one parent), which in turn outperforms an IJV which is unrelated to either parent. When resource complementarity or goal congruity between parents is higher, there is a stronger positive relationship between product relatedness and IJV performance. When structural opportunities are fewer or institutional deterrence is higher, there is a weaker positive relationship between product relatedness and IJV performance. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Top management team turnover as an adaptation mechanism: The role of the environment

Based on an organizational adaptation framework, this study examines the influence of three environmental dimensions–munificence, stability, and complexity–on top management team turnover. In addition to investigating the direct influence of these environmental dimensions, indirect effects through firm performance and strategic change are also examined; the indirect effect of environmental complexity through demographic heterogeneity is also studied. Path analysis indicates that the direct effects of the three environmental dimensions predominate. Indirect effects were nonsignificant except for the effect of instability and munificence through strategic change. By expanding the team turnover context to include environmental and strategic dimensions, in addition to previously examined performance and heterogeneity factors, this study enhances our understanding of managerial turnover as a form of organizational adaptation.     

Management heterogeneity,competitive interaction groups,and firm performance

One of the fundamental problems in strategic management is to map a heterogeneous set of firms in an industry into subsets of firms within which firms are homogeneous in their conduct and performance. The strategic group concept provides an answer to this intriguing question. Researchers in strategic group theory argue that firms within the same strategic group are behaviorally similar and thus tend to compete more fiercely within the group than across groups. In this paper, we focus on the question whether firms within the same group show similar decision‐making characteristics. Strategic‐choice theorists argue that top management teams in firms have substantial discretion in determining the future strategic contour of firms. Upper‐echelon theorists also argue that top managers are the strategists who set the direction of firms and the pace of competition in the industry. Further, they argue that top management team characteristics are an important element that determines the market niche in which a firm competes and the strategic direction a firm follows. Based on these arguments, we expect that there will be a significant link between grouping of firms by the patterns of competitive interactions and grouping of firms by top management team heterogeneity. Moreover, we argue that the closer the TMT heterogeneity of a firm is to the dominant heterogeneity in the competitive interaction group, the better it performs. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高层管理团队认知研究综述

自1984年Hambrick和Mason提出高层梯队理论以来,学术界掀起了对高层管理团队研究的热潮,近来对高层管理团队认知成为学者们研究的热点并取得了大量的研究成果。通过对这些成果进行综述,探讨认知派别、共享心智模型、社会认知等认知理论对企业战略决策进而对组织绩效的影响,分析已有研究中存在的局限并提出从人力资本的视角,将高层管理团队的认知特征与人力资本的产权与积累状况联系起来,明确高层管理团队认知特征与战略决策之间的作用机制。     

Diversification and top management team complementarity: is performance improved by merging similar or dissimilar teams?

This study examines the impact of complementary top management teams (defined as differences in functional backgrounds between the acquiring and acquired firm managers) on post-acquisition performance. Based on a sample of 147 acquisitions completed during 1986–88, we find that complementary backgrounds have a positive impact on postacquisition performance in both related and unrelated acquisitions. Another major finding is that complementarity is negatively related to top management team turnover among acquired managers, suggesting that differences in functional backgrounds are more easily integrated into the new organization. Finally, top management team turnover among acquired managers is negatively related to postacquisition performance. These findings highlight the importance of examining complementarity in terms of differences, and reinforce the notion that differences have the potential to create unique value for the organization. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

跨国公司TMT内部网分层研究

本文从战略的资源观和知识为基础的理论两方面阐述了跨国公司高层管理团队(Top Management Team,简称为TMT)研究的必要性,并从结点式研究、二元式研究和系统研究三个层次对跨国公司TMT内部网的形成过程、特点和作用进行了剖析。我们将跨国公司全球网络内部的战略领导视为一种集体现象、一个过程和一种组织结构;同时,将TMT。网络视为一种动态的现象,与初级的实物与资本的网络不同,这种人力资本的互动与沟通在更高层次上激活了网络的动态特质,是网络真正发挥优势和潜质的关键所在。     

高层管理团队隐性人力资本研究

近20余年来,学者们过多地关注高层管理团队教育背景、任期、年龄和性别等显性变量及其与企业战略、绩效的关系,而忽略了隐藏在数据背后的决定变量.与显性人力资本相比,隐性人力资本要素更具有本源性和基础性,是创新的源泉,是一切显性知识的基石.本文试图对高层管理团队隐性人力资本进行界定,为高层管理团队的未来研究指明了新的研究视角和方法,具有开创意义.     

高级管理人员激励契约研究

本文首次通过收集上市公司披露的高级管理人员激励契约，对我国现阶段高级管理人员激励契约的现状和存在的问题进行了分析和研究。研究发现：我国上市公司中高级管理人员职责不清，容易出现高级管理人员自己给自己制定报酬、考核业绩的现象；我国高级管理人员业绩评价主要依赖财务指标（净利润、利润总额、净资产收益率），非财务指标与主观评价指标在高级管理人员业绩评价中使用较少；高级管理人员的业绩标准主要是董事会制定的预算指标：高级管理人员业绩评价指标的确定比较简单，往往没有考虑高级管理人员操纵会计指标的可能性。以及不可控因素对评价指标的影响。