常减压装置减压深拔的工艺优化

以减压深拔为目的,论述了减压塔塔顶真空度、全塔压降、减压炉出口温度、塔底汽提量、塔顶温度、中段回流量及轻冲洗油流量等工艺参数对减压拔出率的影响。通过模拟与实践相结合,对常减压装置实施减压深拔操作优化,分析评价装置深拔潜力,找出影响进一步提高减压拔出率的瓶颈,提出了优化方向和措施,为下一阶段的深拔改造设计提供技术依据。     

抽真空技术在减压蒸馏中的应用

在整个炼油化工系统中,常减压是原油加工的龙头装置,其拔出率的提高对全厂经济效益的增长有着重要的意义。减压塔顶抽真空系统是影响常减压总拔出率的关键工艺技术,在常减压装置中有着举足轻重的地位。基于某石化千万吨常减压装置,文章重点阐述了抽真空技术的工作原理和工艺流程,同时结合炼厂实际案例分析影响抽真空效果的因素。     

减压系统改造内容及运行效果

前言 大港石化公司减压系统始建于2004年,中油华东设计院设计,处理能力为325×104t/a.但是受限于设备原因,减顶抽真空能力不足、湿空冷易腐蚀泄漏,塔顶残压30mmHg左右,塔内压降大,从而导致减压拔出率低,部分轻组分进入减渣中,为调合催化原料性质,只能部分常渣外甩,对公司整个经济效益造成影响;由于分布器结构问题,各床层分布器的分布效果差,存在偏流,形成局部冲蚀,加上环烷酸腐蚀的双重作用,导致填料局部破损,侧线抽出各组分间重叠严重,塔内填料层存在干板,尤其减三线至过汽化油段结焦严重,影响了装置的长周期运行.基于上述原因,2012年对减压系统进行改造.     

试论常减压装置管道的防腐蚀与选材

管道选材直接影响炼油企业的经济效益。研究加工含硫、含酸原油常减压装置的腐蚀机理,让科学的管道选材更好地适应在炼油企业的常减压装置。在低温、高温环烷酸腐蚀等情况下,能有效降低管道在实际生产过程中的损害,提高炼油企业的经济效益。为炼油企业的塔顶冷凝冷却系统、常压和减压转油线及常压塔、减压塔塔底等高温部位和转油线等重要设施,在选材和布局上做好有效的应对策略,是新时期炼油企业技术革新发展的需要。     

常减压装置常压塔顶系统腐蚀与控制措施

文章某单位常减压装置常压塔顶系统的腐蚀现状以及出现腐蚀的原因进行了分析,然后提出了防控常压塔顶系统腐蚀的一些技术措施,比如选用合适材质、提升防腐技术以及加强监测等方式,以此来保障常减压装置常压塔顶系统的防腐性。     

基于轻烃回收装置增产液化气的优化及探讨

文章介绍了常减压轻烃回收系统影响液化气产品质量及收率的主要因素,通过降低稳定塔顶压力、提高稳定塔顶温度、提高稳定塔进料温度及稳定塔底重沸器出口温度等优化措施,增加液化气产量。优化后液化气C;含量由1.25%增至2.45%,液化气产量由15.79 t/h提至18.49 t/h,并为常压总拔出率的提高作出了贡献,实现了装置液化气保质增产,每日增加效益约28.47万元。     

常减压装置平面布置设计技术探讨

常减压装置是石油在炼油厂里进行提炼加工的重要设备。文章基于常减压装置主要设备的新型平面布置,包括对常压塔区楼梯间、换热框架、装置管廊、常压和减压转油线等的布置,进行了技术革新的创设,可以摒弃传统工艺流程中的资源浪费现象,提高了大型化常减压装置的运行效果。     

加氢装置减压站易出现的故障及原因

随着科学技术的发展和人类对保护环境认知增加，加氢技术在当今变得尤为重要，成为煤炭深加工、炼油、石化行业不可或缺的核心工业装置。减压站作为煤化工悬浮床加氢装置生产工艺操作中的重要控制设备，是保护装置安全、稳定、运行操作必不可少的部分，减压站能否可靠、稳定运行，对悬浮床加氢的稳定生产安全运行有着十分重要的作用。文章通过对减压站在设计选型、安装调试中的存在的问题进行了详细的分析，并提出改进措施，从而降低减压站运行故障率，提高可持续运行时间，保证了加氢装置的平稳运行。     

常减压加热炉热风系统的优化

加热炉是常减压装置的主要能耗设备,提高加热炉热效率,有效利用加热炉能量,是提高加热炉经济效益的主要手段。本文通过分析常减压装置热风系统存在问题,通过改进吹灰系统、改善空气预热器传热效果等改进措施进行热风系统的优化,有效的提高了加热炉的热效率,保证加热炉的平稳运行,满足主体装置的长周期不间断运行的需求。     

常减压装置低温部位的防腐措施

分析目前常减压装置塔顶低温部位的腐蚀问题、部位和原因,采取原料控制、选材和工艺防腐手段,并且做好腐蚀监检测,保证装置低温部位的防腐需求,减缓腐蚀,延长装置开工时间。     

Divergent patterns of engagement in Internet standardization: Japan,Korea and China

This article analyzes the engagement of Japanese, Korean and Chinese participants in the development of Internet standards at IETF on the basis of four quantitative metrics: attendance, patenting, authorship and leadership. The results are strikingly divergent. Japanese involvement in Internet standardization began early and Japan was, for many years, second only to the U.S. in terms of IETF participation. Though Japanese participation has declined since the early 2000s, Japan remains a major contributor to IETF standardization. Korean involvement in IETF has always been significant, but below the levels of Japan and major European countries. Korean participation in IETF has also declined over the past decade, and has been dominated by one firm, Samsung. Though meaningful Chinese involvement in IETF did not begin until the mid-2000s, it has rapidly expanded in recent years. Today, China is a major player in numerous areas of Internet standardization in terms of three metrics (participation, patenting and leadership), and is rapidly gaining in terms of document authorship as well. Most of China׳s recent IETF involvement can be attributed to Huawei, though other Chinese firms have recently begun to increase their participation in the organization. Thus, contrary to some views that China׳s engagement with standardization is primarily one of indigenous innovation and “catching up”, China׳s experience with IETF demonstrates deliberate and effective engagement with a major Western standards-development organization on its own terms.     

增强Linux系统安全性的措施

L inux系统的安全取决于系统管理员如何来管理它。本文探讨了一系列可以增强安全性的技巧与策略 ,包括 :系统安装原则、BIOS安全、口令安全策略、设计帐户自动注销功能、文件系统和日志安全策略、使用 SSH及 TCP-WRAPPERS,隐藏系统信息、删除所有特殊帐户、关闭控制台程序、限制系统中的 SUID/ SGID程序等。本文最后向 L inux系统管理员提出了一些安全管理方面的建议     

Whose Image is it Anyway?: Some Considerations of the Curricular Importance of Subject Image in Secondary School Design and Technology Education

This paper explores the idea that a sense of school subject image is a necessary feature of curriculum management and a potent force for change. The discussion centres on the view that all school subjects have an image and that if those intimately involved with the subject do not control the image then someone else does! In such circumstances the image is the product of past encounters and old euphemisms and is unlikely to hold the changed realities.The UK developments in Design and Technology education (the term Design and Technology is used to denote the school subject defined under this heading by the UK National Curriculum, 1995) have created something of an image problem which has interesting international parallels. Some of these problems are due to clearly discernible internal tensions and an ambiguous relationship with other subject areas.Through greater attention to subject image internal controversies might be acknowledged and resolved, relationships with other subject areas can be more meaningfully understood and practitioners can be helped to make sense of curriculum change.     

快速成形技术的应用及热点分析

基于快速成形技术的原理,展示了快速成形技术在快速模具制造、金属零件直接成形、反求工程等领域的广泛应用,总结了快速成形制造技术研究的热点,即研发新材料和新设备、提高成形精度、建立RPM的反求工程系统、建立成形技术的统一标准和扩大成形技术的应用领域。     

CIS与现代企业管理美学

概括性介绍了 ＣＩＳ（Ｃｏｒｐｏｒａｔｅ Ｉｄｅｎｔｉｔｙ Ｓｙｓｔｅｍ）的三大基本组成，并阐述了它与现代企业管理密不可分的相互联系及所处的举足轻重的地位，指出导入ＣＩＳ是现代企业谋求发展的重要手段。     

HSE走进中国石油

企业管理水平的好坏直接影响着企业的经济效益,运用HSE管理能提高企业管理水平,HSE管理模式将健康,安全,环境三者视为一个有机的整体。HSE管理认为人的安全是第一位的,人是创造财富的原动力,是企业的最大财产,HSE管理体系强调的是“蝴蝶效应”。     

Diffusion and usage of public e-services in Europe: An assessment of country level indicators and drivers

We analyze the state of the art of indicators on e-government, e-health, e-procurement and e-participation. We survey the main methodological properties of these indicators, and highlight their heuristic potential. Further, we address empirically the issue of the explanation of the availability scores, i.e. how the supply of the various e-services in each country is affected by political, institutional and socio-economic differences, and is followed by actual usage. The econometric analysis uncovers the importance of broadband penetration and higher education as drivers for most of the types of e-services and users (citizens and businesses). Moreover, a corruption-free and agile public sector proves to be an important pre-condition for more effective supply and usage. Despite data limitations and the complexity of the underlying diffusion phenomena, our study is the first truly longitudinal contribution aimed at disentangling the common drivers of such an important phenomenon – the e-services availability and usage across European countries. As such, this work appears useful to inform the policy debate and practice, in a phase characterized by a prospective reorientation of the public e-services provision and policy agenda.     

一种高精度的频率标准比对系统

频率标准源可以提供精确的标准频率,在测定频率标准源的各项性能指标时,要求测试系统必须具有很高的比对精度。所设计的频率标准比对系统采取多级倍频 混频方式使频率偏差逐级扩大后再测量,从而避免了直接进行高次倍频的困难,提高了测量精度,可以对高精度的频率标准的准确度、长短期频率稳定度进行快速测量,是一种高精度时畴参数测量系统。     

Material power and normative conflict in global and local agrifood governance: The lessons of ‘Golden Rice’ in India

This special section aims to investigate the interaction of global and local forces in shaping agrifood governance. It starts from the recognition that a multitude of actors and norms shape today’s agrifood system. The resulting opaqueness of the systems makes it extremely difficult to understand and explain processes and outcomes of agrifood governance. Given the sustainability challenges facing the agrifood system, improvements in our understanding of what the interaction of global and local actors and norms means on the ground are urgently needed, however. The section, therefore, analyses agrifood governance in India across a selected group of cases. It does so by employing a systematic framework emphasizing the material and ideational dimensions of power and their interaction. The section has chosen India as the setting in which to analyze this interaction due to the crucial role the food demand and supply of this rising power plays in today’s agrifood system. This article provides the special sections’ analytical framework, which uses the interplay of material and ideational dimensions of power as a focal lens. In addition, the article applies this framework to an empirical study of the political conflict around GMO foods in India, specifically the case of ‘Golden Rice’.     

蒸汽热量计量应用的探析

研究了石油化工企业的燕汽计量情况,着重对蒸汽热量计量的合理性进行了分析,阐述了蒸汽热量计量的依据及计算方法,以及蒸气热量计量对节能降耗的重要意义.