医药行业变革下医药代表及团队管理

近年来,随着我国现代医疗环境的不断改革,我国的药品营销工作以及整个医药行业呈现快速变革的趋势,尤其是在现代化的医改方案不断发展的背景下,医药企业在发展过程中受到了现代相关工作人员的高度重视。相关工作人员需要了解,在医药行业变革下,医药行业内的医药代表及医药行业管理者应当如何在充满不确定性的职业环境内开展人员以及团队管理,这样才能使医药企业在现代医疗环境的背景下不断发展。     

Pharmaceutical innovation and R&D investment in the UK

Expenditure on research and development by the pharmaceutical industry in the UK has increased five-fold in real terms since 1964, whilst the rate of introduction of novel medicines and their sales, allowing for inflation, have remained approximately constant. One of the reasons the industry has been able to afford the higher investment in R&D is because its marketing has become far more international. In the UK the average effective patent life of new products has decreased to less than 5 years at launch, making it difficult to see how development expenditure for most products can be recouped before patent expiry without significant international sales.     

EDITORIAL: BETTER REGULATION WITHOUT THE STATE

There has been mounting concern about the increasing level of regulation in the UK economy over the last decade or more. Regulation has significant costs and is difficult to repeal. The government has set up various bodies to examine deregulation and better regulation. This article and the other articles in this issue look at those approaches and ask whether the state should be involved to a lesser degree in regulation. In many areas, it may be appropriate for the state to withdraw altogether, either because the private sector can spontaneously develop better regulation than the state can or because the unintended costs of state regulation are so great.     

RESEARCH ON THE MOTION PICTURE INDUSTRY: STATE OF THE ART AND NEW DIRECTIONS OFF THE BEATEN TRACK AWAY FROM THEATRICAL RELEASE

The motion picture industry has been subject of extensive academic research over the last decades. However, most scholars focused on the U.S. theatrical motion picture market. The number of research activities regarding even more profitable release windows, such as home video or television, has been substantially lower. Although international distribution is essential for a motion picture project to break even, there has been little significant re-search on most other markets. This paper aims at summarizing the current state of research on the motion picture industry, particularly from marketing and management perspective, revealing research gaps, and proposing recommendations for future research endeavors. Therefore, a three-pillar scheme is developed to systemize previous findings: Research on intraorganizational decision making, contractual relationships between national stakeholders, and international market competition are differentiated. Since these insights are mainly derived from U.S. theatrical exhibition, they can hardly be applied to other markets and exhibition windows. Thus, potential research areas are identified to expand knowledge of posttheatrical and international markets.     

论供应链管理环境下的医药物流

本文阐述了供应链管理环境下物流的重要性，并基于医药这一特殊行业分析了供应链管理环境下的物流系统模型，阐述了制药企业物流模式的选择及整个医药行业物流发展的状况，并提出了几点改善意见。     

MARKET POWER AND THE PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA

This paper examines the social cost of the pharmaceutical industry in South Africa. From a regulatory perspective the industry is seen to exhibit monopolylike behaviour resulting in monopoly prices on the supply (manufacturing) side and diminished consumption on the demand (consumer) side. The evidence presented here, which is complementary to that of previous studies, does not support that view. The findings contained here are relevant to the highly contentious subject of access to drugs.     

UK VENTURE CAPITAL FUNDS AND THE FUNDING OF NEW TECHNOLOGY-BASED BUSINESSES: PROCESS AND RELATIONSHIPS*

Through the 1980s the UK venture capital industry, with its perceived focus on risky and innovative businesses, has experienced substantial growth in terms of the number of funds, amounts invested and number of individual investments. In this article, the Tyebjee and Bruno (1984) venture capital deal creation model which was originated in the US has been used to explore the process of venture capital provision and the development of relationships between venture capital funds and operating business managements. An empirical study of how UK-based venture capital funds operate has been undertaken. The findings generally corroborated the model in a UK context. It was also observed that while venture capitalists actively worked to nurture good relationships with operating business managements they were prepared to act decisively and proactively to protect their investments when they saw them being threatened fundamentally. There vas also some evidence which suggested a slackening of interest in innovative, technology-based businesses, particularly those in their early stages of development. Further work is needed to identify if there are conceptual problems with the provision of venture capital to these types of businesses or implementation problems which are tractable.     

MANUFACTURING REFORM AND THE CHANGING ROLE OF THE PRODUCTION SUPERVISOR: THE CASE OF THE AUTOMOBILE INDUSTRY*

This research assesses current changes in the nature of the supervisory role in the automobile industry. It locates these changes in the context of a transition from mass production to lean or just-in-time production. the emergence of a supervisory role, with supervisors performing critical functions as effective managers of integrated work areas is explored by focusing on two lean producers, Nissan UK and Mazda's Flat Rock plant in the US. Noting the increased responsibility of the supervisor under lean production, the extent of the supervisors’enhanced status and authority are considered. However, a case study of an established vehicle producer in the UK, involving interviews with a sample of forty supervisors draws out the structural and organizational difficulties faced by existing manufacturers in their attempts to reformulate the role of the supervisor.     

THE PATIENT AS CONSUMER: THE ADVERTISING OF PHARMACEUTICALS DIRECTLY TO CONSUMERS SHOULD BE ALLOWED AND ENCOURAGED

The pharmaceutical industry, with few exceptions, is not permitted to advertise its products directly to consumers (DTCA). It is the author's opinion that DTCA should be allowed and encouraged and that it is only a matter of time before this happens. Support for this view comes from reviewing the substantial amount of research undertaken in this controversial area of health policy.     

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT IN THE MINERALS INDUSTRY: THEORY AND PRACTICE

The minerals industry has a high public profile and applications for new planning permissions often attract considerable controversy. Minerals operations generate a wide range of environmental impacts from the extraction, processing, storage and transportation of the mineral and mineral products. Minerals operators have long recognised the importance of environmental issues and the industry associations have published a number of environmental codes of practice which give general guidance for performance in this field. The recent development of the BSI and CEC standards for environmental management systems (EMS) has provided a mechanism for operators to achieve better control of environmental performance and to demonstrate this through certification. The paper reports on a study of 100 UK minerals companies, carried out by questionnaire, to investigate the rate of progress in this industry with development of EMS and preferences in relation to the two standards currently available. The findings of the survey indicate a relatively high level of activity in the EMS field, perhaps suggesting that many companies have been developing systems based on environmental policies and practices already adopted. Despite this, the survey identified a clear need for more detailed guidance on common standards of environmental performance. Few companies have undertaken any assessment of the cost benefits of the EMS work carried out and some possible interpretations of this are discussed.     

Product liability: The special problem of medicines

Product liability has been the subject of increasing interest in many countries of the world over the last few years. There has been a developing public view that the manufacturers of all kinds of products should take greater responsibility for them. The product liability problems which can arise from the use of medicines by man have received particular attention; the special features of such products giving rise to misunderstandings. The paper views the present position from the point of view of the pharmaceutical industry in the UK. Recent developmends arising in Europe and elsewhere are described.     

THE IRON FIST IN THE VELVET GLOVE: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATION IN JAPANESE MANUFACTURING TRANSPLANTS IN WALES

This paper assesses the transferability of a Japanese form of manufacturing organization to an alien institutional environment - the Principality of Wales in the UK. After characterizing what we mean by a 'Japanese form of manufacturing organization' and the arrival of Japanese companies in Wales, we describe the forms of organization, day-to-day management and working practices which have been established. Our conclusion is that the Japanese form of manufacturing organization has been re-created on Welsh soil, and that any 'adaptations' are not such as to alter the fundamental features of the new organizational form.     

THE LOW-TRUST ROUTE TO ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: INTER-FIRM RELATIONS IN THE UK ENGINEERING CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY IN THE 1980S AND 1990S*

There is a growing body of literature that suggests that advanced economies are experiencing an economic restructuring such that the engines of economic development are smaller, more independent, firms acting in an increasingly cooperative manner. In assessing whether the UK economy is actually experiencing such a shift in inter-firm relations, the paper firstly assesses the existing evidence. This evidence suggests the continued dominance of large firms and only limited and uneven movements away from a low-trust system. Secondly, the paper presents evidence on the nature of inter-firm relations in the UK engineering construction industry in the 1980s and 1990s. the research shows considerable improvement in performance against schedule associated with the emergence of management contractors. Management contractors can improve performance either by adopting a high-trust route in which they seek to make overall efficiency gains by integrating design and construction, or by adopting a low-trust route in which they seek to reduce scope for opportunism by rigidifying design, and by passing on risk. Evidence is presented which shows that management contractors in the UK have so far predominantly adopted the low-trust route to improved performance. Cumulatively, the evidence suggests the dominance of the ‘top down’ control of inter-firm relations in the UK.     

中国医药制造业财务风险的实证分析和控制措施

中国医药市场的特点表现为:市场竞争激烈,市场集中度不断提高,药品价格逐步下降,医药产业的子行业,面临的市场环境各不相同。在这样的市场环境下,医药企业如何避免陷入财务危机,控制财务风险是企业发展面临的重要问题之一。Z值模型是评估企业财务风险的经典方法之一,主要特点是客观准确,计算简便,具有较强的操作性。医药企业可通过提高主营业务收入,开发企业拳头产品等措施来控制企业财务风险。     

INNOVATION WITHOUT CHANGE: THE CONTRADICTION BETWEEN THEORIES-ESPOUSED AND THEORIES-IN-USE

The reforms in many of the socialist countries have caused enterprises to re-evaluate their structures to adapt to a more turbulent environment. In one industry, the canned and fresh fruit and vegetable industry in Poland, managers created a new association designed to serve the industry through long-range planning and analysis of the environment. Managers from 30 enterprises in this industry were surveyed. Counter to the design of the association, managers used the association for short-term problem solving. This study further reveals that managers believe the association should operate in this fashion. This reflects the industry's general failure to make use of the innovation and to adapt to change.     

The regulation of the UK pharmaceutical industry: A cost-benefit analysis

Regulation is not costless. It can have adverse effects on innovation, on the time required to develop a new product and on an industry's competitiveness. This article estimates the costs of regulating the UK pharmaceutical industry and whether the results are worthwhile.     

POWER AGAINST PEOPLE: A CHRISTIAN CRITIQUE OF THE STATE

This article, based on the author's IEA web publication of the same name, challenges the widespread view that government is the best vehicle for achieving positive social change. Rather it argues that the over-mighty state has always been the chief cause of oppression, poverty and war throughout the world.     

PRIVATISATION AND EFFICIENCY IN THE UK WATER INDUSTRY: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS*

ABSTRACTS The post-privatisation structure of the UK water industry involves the separation of environmental services from other outputs previously produced under an integrated system by the publicly-owned water authorities. This paper examines the extent to which the integrated authorities benefitted from joint production. Estimating a dynamic multi-product cost function from pooled cross-section, time-series quality adjusted data drawn from the accounts of the water authorities for the period 1979/80–1987/88, prior to privatisation, significant elements of joint production are found. Divestiture of the industry, arguably justified on other criteria, implies the loss of substantial areas of cost complimentary.     

提升江苏省生物医药产业创新能力的若干思考

本文以江苏省为例,以提升生物医药产业创新能力为主题,通过对江苏省生物医药创新能力的现状、存在的问题和面临的挑战进行分析,提出完善融资体系、建立人才激励机制、深化制度改革,打造良好的政策环境等提升策略。     

无锡生物医药产业发展现状及思考

本文通过对无锡生物医药产业的发展现状和优劣势进行分析研究,指出可以探索具有无锡特色的生物医药研发模式,通过提升自主创新能力、提高产业化能力、完善融资体系以及深化制度改革打造良好的政策环境等四方面,推动无锡生物医药快速积极发展。