WTO成立十年来的十大特征(上)

本文拟对WTO成立十年来所体现出的重要特征进行梳理、归纳和总结,并由此揭示WTO在十年风雨中取得的成就,面临的困难与挑战。     

Protectionism and the case for flexible exchange rates: A reexamination

This paper reexamines the arguments by early proponents that flexible exchange rates would lessen the incentives for protectionism and also permit countries to pursue independent monetary policies. We argue that there is a basic inconsistency between these two arguments; the pursuit of independent monetary policy can lead to situations which involve very strong pressures on policy-makers to engage in protection. A theoretical analysis supporting our argument is developed, and some circumstantial evidence is presented.     

Ten years of competency-based training: the experience of accredited training providers in Australia

This article examines ten years of implementation of competency- based training (CBT) in the vocational education and training sector in Australia. It begins by explaining the meaning of CBT in Australia in the 1990s, and the way in which CBT is organised, and then describes the findings of two national research projects carried out during the period 1995– 1997. The first project reported on the extent of CBT pen-etration and the second examined the effects of CBT on teaching and learning. Finally the article speculates on the future direction of CBT in Australia, with the introduction of ‘training packages’.     

A reexamination of the Internal Auditors' Code of Ethics

This study empirically examined the views of Certified Internal Auditors (CIAs) concerning the role of Code of Ethics for members of the Institute of Internal Auditors. It is a continuation of an earlier study which examined the usefulness of the Code to CIAs. Among the questions asked were what is the primary reason for the Code of Ethics, how useful is it, have you used it, should more enforcement actions be taken against members who violate the Code, and what are the legal and moral responsibilities of the CIA to report serious ethical violations, e.g., environmental pollution, to outsiders when top management and the board of directors are aware of the matter but are not doing anything to correct it. The results indicate strong support for the Code, its enforcement, and use as an instrument to encourage the internal flow of ethical behavior by embers and others.Philip H. Siegel is currently the Fiesta Mart Professor of Accounting at the University of Houston-Downtown. Formerly the Coopers & Lybrand Professor at San Francisco State University, Dr. Siegel received his Ph.D. in 1985. He holds CPA certification in Florida.John O'Shaughnessy is Associate Professor at San Francisco State University. Currently the Director of the Internal Audit Program at SFSU, Dr. O'Shaughnessy received his Ph.D. in 1990. He holds CPA and CIA certification.John T. Rigsby is Associate Professor at Mississippi State University. Author of numerous papers published in leading academic journals, Dr. Rigsby received his Ph.D. in 1986. He holds CPA certification.     

A reexamination of the demand for UK exports: Evidence from an error correction model

This article examines the demand for UK exports and is focused on five issues. It starts by examining the stochastic properties of the relevant time series. Special attention is paid to the model specification, its dynamic structure, and its temporal stability. In addition, the potential effect of exchange rate uncertainty on export demand is considered. The empirical results show that the determinants of the demand for UK exports are foreign economic activity, export price, foreign prices, and exchange rate uncertainty. The results further indicate that exchange rate uncertainty has a negative effect on exports and that the overall export demand equation requires the inclusion of such a variable in order to exhibit structural stability. Trade policy in the UK, therefore must take into account the response of export demand to changes in real exchange rate volatility.     

Antecedents of customer loyalty: An empirical synthesis and reexamination

Despite the importance of customer loyalty, no comprehensive, empirical work has attempted to assess the general findings across academic studies. The study intends to fill that void by conducting a meta-analysis of empirical findings on the predictors of customer loyalty. Although findings of this study support all the hypothesized main effects, they indicate stronger effect size for trust than for other determinants of loyalty. The study also tests the robustness of previous findings across various research and measurement contexts. The analysis of moderating effects reveals several interesting findings. For instance, attitudinal loyalty measures seem to be a plausible surrogate for behavioral loyalty measures. The effects of customer satisfaction and trust on loyalty are less prominent when products are purchased on a regular and relatively short (as opposed to an irregular and relatively long) purchase cycle. Factors that largely relate to product performance (e.g., satisfaction, quality) have a weaker impact on loyalty in B2B than in B2C settings. Some relationships (e.g., the effect of quality on loyalty) become stronger over time. Furthermore, our results detect consistently weaker effects from studies using single-item (relative to multi-item) loyalty measures.     

Revenue windfalls and expenditure slippages: Disappointing implementation of the reformed stability and growth pact

With the 2005 reform of the Stability and Growth Pact, a commitment was made to actively consolidate public finances in good times and to use unexpected extra revenues for deficit and debt reduction and not for additional expenditure. Against this background this study provides evidence of a lax implementation of expenditure plans in recent years when revenues were buoyant. Moreover, the influence of revenue windfalls on expenditure overruns is found to be more pronounced in countries that also have not met their medium-term objectives. Thus, first experiences in implementing the provisions of the preventive arm of the Stability and Growth Pact after its reform are not encouraging. The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Deutsche Bundesbank. The authors would like to thank especially Bernhard Manzke and Karsten Wendorff, as well as Lukas Reiss and other members of the ESCB Working Group on Public Finances for many helpful comments.     

2003: Ten Trends in IT Industry

Recently, summing up opinions of over 700 experts, IDC made 2003 top ten predictions in IT industry. Among predictions IDC made in previous years, ten to one turned into reality, for example, "enterprises will draw out their security plan over again" and"promotion of network services gets to a hysteric level" which were predicted by IDC last year.Following are top ten trends of IT industry IDC forecasts: 1. Expenditure on IT technology and telecommunication will increase over 6 per cent to US$1.9     

Liberalizing Europe's Network Industries: Ten Conflicting Priorities

This article, the first of a two-part feature, summarises the general arguments of the inaugural report of a programme to monitor the progress of European deregulation. The author starts by defining Europe's network industries in terms of three phases of market structure: monopoly, monopoly and competition co-existing and, finally, effective competition. In the current second phase, he identifies ten conflicting priorities for policy-makers and the industries.     

天空十条：我们的守则

六年前,天与空发布4A升级版,并提出了4A升级版的十大创意实践,作为一家独立创意热店,我们将它当做自己应该坚守的职业信条,今天我将它再次升级为天空十条,提供给各路创意同行们参考,分享,共谋。一、让创意跨越一切沟通平台我们要跳出传统营销各自为战的作业模式,让创意跨越平面广告、电视广告、户外广告、终端卖场、促销互动、微博微信、手机App、产品设计、游戏开发、门户网站、新闻公关、娱乐文化等一切可以影响消费者的传播机会点,成为跨越一切沟通平台的创意公司。     

立丰:激情澎湃的岁月

上海“立丰”食品有限公司,是以生产经销牛肉干、鸭肫干、鸭舌、香肠、肉松、肉脯等主要产品的“中华老字号”企业,在国内外市场上享有品牌盛誉的著名食品企业,连续6年被评为上海名牌产品,荣获中国商业名牌企业,全国商业质量管理奖,上海市重信用企业,上海市优秀企业等殊荣外,“立丰”的销售业绩增幅惊人,销售收入与1998年相比,增长了503％,利润同比增长了1827％,上缴税收增长607％,七年再造了一个新“立丰”。