时间是具有单向度双重意义否定的存在

时间既是抽象的存在,亦是具体的虚无,它是人的自我描影。人的生存意义在于对自我的否定,这个否定是包括同质和异质的否定。人的存在在于把周围世界对象化为为我世界,这个过程和结果就是文化,文化的本质就是人化,是人将自己的本质在时空中刻印。文化作为系统化的有机体,是个产生、发展和没落的过程。文化的发展是呈螺旋状的上升。文化作为一个系统,由各种要素组成也受到种种干扰,要促进文化的发展,需要不断增强文化的免疫力。     

Time is Money: Improved Valuation of Time and Transportation Costs

The proper valuation of time isimportant for estimating the demand for severaleconomic goods. This paper explores the propervaluation of time when estimating recreationaldemand, where time costs represent asubstantial portion of the ``purchase price'. Toestimate demand, this paper uses a travel costframework to analyze actual behavior (``revealedpreference data') and hypothetical behavior(``stated preference data'), which is induced byhypothetical increases in access fees, traveltime, and travel distance. By comparing theresponses to these three contingencies, theanalysis adjusts and improves the valuation oftime costs. As evidence of this improvement,this analysis demonstrates a great increase inthe consistency between the revealed and stateddata. Similarly, this paper improves thevaluation of transportation-related costs.     

试析统筹人与自然和谐发展理论的产生及意义

文章深入探寻了西方社会和马克思主义关于人与自然和谐发展理论的产生过程,以及我国在此基础上进行统筹人与自然和谐发展理论的创新及其实践,并进一步分析了我国贯彻落实统筹人与自然和谐发展理论对于经济社会可持续发展战略的重大意义。     

Endogenous Time Preference, Inflation, and Capital Accumulation

In an infinitely lived, representative agent model with the Becker-Mulligan (1997) endogenous time preference, this paper reexamines the effects of monetary growth. An increase in the inflation rate reduces the resources spent on imagining the future, which increases the rate of time preference and decreases the steady-state value of capital stock. This model relates inflation and consumer patience, and shows that inflation will make people less patient. Finally, Friedman's optimal monetary growth rule is also investigated and found not to hold.     

我国创业板市场交易制度设计——一种演化视角

创业板市场交易制度的设计要为市场实际的发展和演化留有空间。以集中竞价机制为基础,引入多元竞争性做市商、融合竞价做市商两种制度的混合型做市商制度,能够满足制度变迁的阶段性要求,是现实国情约束下创业板市场的最优交易制度选择。     

生产劳动力的劳动时间的探讨

传统经济学的劳动力价值理论只有生产劳动力的生产费用(物化劳动),没有生产劳动力的劳动时间(活劳动)的耗费。劳动力的生产也有劳动时间的耗费。劳动力的自然再生产时间不形成劳动力的价值,劳动力的社会再生产时间、即学习劳动的时间形成劳动力的价值。劳动力价值包括两个部分:一是生产劳动力的物化劳动,如生活费用和学习费用等;二是生产劳动力的活劳动即学习劳动。     

演化与人的本性

本文从生物演化的角度,分析了经济学中偏好、信念和理性的形成和演化特点,揭示了人类经济行为的生物学基础。     

Contradictions between Human Being and Nature and the Solutions

人类社会的发展是人类通过自身或外界的力量对自然进行改造利用的动态过程。这种改造利用在改善人类生存环境、促进人类文明发展的同时，也带来了一些矛盾。随着科学技术的进步和社会生产力的发展，人类改造自然的力量不断增强，随之而来的矛盾也日益凸显，并越来越威胁着人类自身的生存。为了实现人类文明的可持续性，必须采取切实有效的行动，在最无愧于和最适合于自然的条件下改造和利用自然，使人与自然和谐相处、协调发展。     

人类与自然矛盾的当代表现及其对策

人类社会的发展是人类通过自身或外界的力量对自然进行改造利用的动态过程。这种改造利用在改善人类生存环境、促进人类文明发展的同时,也带来了一些矛盾。随着科学技术的进步和社会生产力的发展,人类改造自然的力量不断增强,随之而来的矛盾也日益凸显,并越来越威胁着人类自身的生存。为了实现人类文明的可持续性,必须采取切实有效的行动,在最无愧于和最适合于自然的条件下改造和利用自然,使人与自然和谐相处、协调发展。     

企业家博弈与制度演进——对苏浙皖经验事实的博弈论验证

企业家博弈的一般模型企业家博弈是指:在一定的域(经济域、政治域或市场交换域等),企业家作为参与人,在一定的初始技术状态和资源禀赋条件下,首先对其他参与人的策略选择形成预期,进而选择一定的行动计划,使得当期报酬或当期与未来报酬之和最大化。显然,收集信息、形成预期、推断后果、选择策略,就成为企业家博弈的主要特征。     

经济学科学性的时空相对性

当我们不考虑社会经济现象与自然现象之间的本质差异，试图用自然科学的科学性来规范经济学的科学性时，自然有足够的理由来说明经济学的非科学性，但是，当我们承认社会经济现象与自然现象之间的本质差异，并在此基础上讨论经济学的科学性的时候，问题就不再表现为经济学是否具有科学性，而是演变为经济学的科学性是怎样表现出来的。显然，在不同的时空条件下，经济学的科学性的表现形式有所不同，或者说，经济学的科学性在现实中总是表现为时空相对的科学性或条件限制的科学性。     

人类步入低碳时代

低碳时代的到来,是国际大背景使然,尤其是能源危机、气候危机和金融危机的叠加效应,其鲜明表征是激烈交锋的气候政治、席卷全球的低碳经济、蓬勃发展的低碳科技、自觉彰显的低碳文化,这预示着人类文明的跃迁。     

The Effect of the Interaction between Price and Time Preference on Cigarette Consumption among Pregnant Women

In this study, I explore smoking behavior among pregnant U.S. women using the 1979 cohort of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth. The key aspect of this study is the availability of smoking participation data before and during pregnancy. I consider the probabilities of smoking cessation while pregnant as the outcome. I find that pregnant women who smoke are less responsive to price changes when they are more future-oriented. Women who are more present-oriented are more likely to smoke and consume more cigarettes given that they smoke more than those who are future-oriented. Moreover, those who discount the future more heavily are more sensitive to the money price of cigarettes than those who are more future-oriented. I focus on the role of time preference and the interaction between time preference and price in determining these outcomes.     

从人与自然关系的嬗变论城乡生态文明建设

纵观人类发展史可以发现,人类社会历经原始文明、农业文明、工业文明,发展到现今的生态文明,不同的人类文明彰显着不同的人与自然的关系：人类从自然的奴隶演变到自然的统治者、主宰者,现如今则强调人是大自然中的一员,不存在统治和被统治的关系,人与自然和谐统一。城市和农村作为人与自然直接发生关系的两大空间载体,各自以自我为中心的二元分治格局,加速了资源枯竭、环境污染的进程,恶化人与自然的关系。为了改善人与自然的关系,建设生态文明,当前应以树立生态文明理念为先导、以转变城乡生产、生活方式为落脚点,以加强制度建设为保障,在城乡统筹背景下建设生态文明,协调人与自然的关系,开创人与自然万物共生共融、和谐统一的新局面。     

制造业的资本运动--内涵及变化

制造业作为产业资本的重要组成部分 ,它的运动形式在当代已发生了巨大变化。本文认为在当代它已明显地分离为创新业与复制性制造业两个过程。这两个过程的分离同时又是一种空间的分离 ,这种分离为制造业在中国的发展带来了巨大的机会 ,而中国的大国优势在这方面起到了特殊的作用。     

On the Time Inconsistency of Optimal Monetary and Fiscal Policies with Many Consumer Goods*

In this paper, we study the time consistency of optimal policies in an environment where agents use cash to purchase many consumer goods and where those goods might be taxed at differential rates. Our main result is that optimal monetary and fiscal policies are, in general, time‐inconsistent, because the number of bond instruments is insufficient to influence all future fiscal decisions. However, there is one special case where optimal policies are time‐consistent, which is when differential tax rates across cash goods are optimally zero.     

An Economic and Ethical Approach to Charity and to Charity Endowments

We examine how and why donors divide gifts between people in the present (across distance) and between the present and future (across time). US donors tend to give less to charities that benefit the poor and more to charities that benefit the non-poor (such as museums, universities, and arts organizations). Many of these wealthier charities have created endowments that benefit not only present persons, but also future persons. We develop a shorthand framework for linking time to distance in charitable allocations that incorporates a “proximity preference,” i.e., charity that prefers those who are nearer to us whether by reason of physical distance, psychic-identity, or temporal distance. Even though ethical considerations suggest that recipients' level of need should be the dominant factor in allocating gifts, donors also express preferences, ceteris paribus, for benefits arriving sooner rather than later, and for recipients who are ``closer'' rather than farther away.     

On the Choice Between the Stocking Rate and Time in Range Management

A long standing question in range management concerns the relative importance of the stocking rate versus the length oftime during which animals graze a particular rangeland. Weaddress this question by analyzing the problem faced by a privaterancher who wishes to minimize the long run expected net unit cost (LRENC) from range operations by choosing either the stocking rate or the length of time during which his animals graze hisrangeland. We construct a renewal-theoretic model and show that,in general, this rancher's LRENC with an optimally chosen stocking rate is lower than his LRENC with an optimally chosen grazing cycle length. From a management perspective, this means that correct stocking of the range is more important than the length of time during which animals graze the range. In addition, our research shows how to address questions concerning the desirability of temporal versus non-temporal controls in managing naturalresources such as fisheries and hunting grounds.     

Confronting the Trilemma: Culture,Institutions, and Macroeconomic Disequilibria

Abstract

Although the fundamental trilemma of open-economy macroeconomics has been a popular framework for analyzing the effects of various policy combinations, it ignores how policy regimes change. Drawing from Post-Keynesian Institutionalist theory, this article considers this process in democracies as a type of technological change in which progress may be limited by insufficient knowledge and actions by vested interests. A case study of interwar France shows that these barriers often delay or weaken stabilization programs, which increase both political and economic uncertainty that further lowers aggregate demand and inhibits the attainment of macroeconomic equilibria. Although we should not generalize these observations, they suggest that understanding and addressing cultural and institutional factors may be necessary for successful countercyclical policymaking.