Intra‐Industry Information Transfers and the Post‐Earnings Announcement Drift

This study examines the role of intra‐industry information transfers in the analyst forecast‐based post‐earnings announcement drift. I find that subsequent same‐industry‐peer earnings announcements influence a firm's post‐earnings announcement drift if these subsequent announcements confirm the firm's initial earnings surprise and the firm's industry exhibits ex ante positive (common effect) intra‐industry information transfers. The results suggest that underreaction to industry‐specific information contributes to analyst forecast‐based post‐earnings announcement drift.     

浅谈会计信息传播

会计信息传播,是社会组织为了树立良好的会计形象,促进组织与会计公众之间的理解、支持和合作而借助各种传播媒介,向会计公众传递各种会计信息的活动,它与会计信息披露既有区别又有联系。本文在论述了会计信息传播原则、形式的基础上,对我国现行会计信息披露规范的局限性及其改进进行了粗浅的探讨。     

Option Trading,Price Discovery,and Earnings News Dissemination*

Abstract. Option market activity increases by more than 10 percent in the four days before quarterly earnings announcements. We show that the direction of this preannouncement trading foreshadows subsequent earnings news. Specifically, we find option traders initiate a greater proportion of long (short) positions immediately before “good” (“bad”) earnings news. Midquote returns to active-side option trades are positive during nonannouncement periods and are significantly higher immediately prior to earnings announcements. Bid-ask spreads for options widen during the announcement period, but traders do not gravitate toward high delta contracts. Collectively, the evidence shows option traders participate generally in price discovery (the incorporation of private information in price), and more specifically in the dissemination of earnings news.     

Accounting Quality,Liquidity Risk,and Post‐Earnings‐Announcement Drift

Recent microstructure research finds that liquidity risk, in particular its information component, plays an important role in explaining the post‐earnings‐announcement drift (PEAD). We decompose liquidity risk into an accounting‐associated component and a nonaccounting‐associated component and examine their relative importance in explaining PEAD. Our research is motivated by recent findings that liquidity risk is a systematic risk and earnings quality is negatively associated with liquidity risk. We find that the accounting‐associated component is more strongly related to PEAD returns than is its nonaccounting‐associated counterpart. Further analyses reveal that the relation between accounting‐associated liquidity risk and PEAD returns is weaker for firms with greater analyst following. We also find that in a significant market downturn, the relation between accounting‐associated liquidity risk and PEAD returns becomes more pronounced. Our study is the first to document a liquidity risk‐based role of accounting quality in explaining the PEAD phenomenon. It parses out the PEAD risk premia associated with accounting versus nonaccounting sources and, by so doing, sheds light on the role of accounting quality in shaping the liquidity risk‐PEAD returns relation.     

Earnings Announcement Disclosures and Changes in Analysts' Information

This study examines how financial disclosures with earnings announcements affect sell‐side analysts' information about future earnings, focusing on disclosures of financial statements and management earnings forecasts. We find that disclosures of balance sheets and segment data are associated with an increase in the degree to which analysts' forecasts of upcoming quarterly earnings are based on private information. Further analyses show that balance sheet disclosures are associated with an increase in the precision of both analysts' common and private information, segment disclosures are associated with an increase in analysts' private information, and management earnings forecast disclosures are associated with an increase in analysts' common information. These results are consistent with analysts processing balance sheet and segment disclosures into new private information regarding near‐term earnings. Additional analysis of conference calls shows that balance sheet, segment, and management earnings forecast disclosures are all associated with more discussion related to these items in the questions‐and‐answers section of conference calls, consistent with analysts playing an information interpretation role with respect to these disclosures.     

Information Uncertainty and Analyst Forecast Behavior*

Prior literature observes that information uncertainty exacerbates investor underreaction behavior. In this paper, I investigate whether, as professional investment intermediaries, sell‐side analysts suffer more behavioral biases in cases of greater information uncertainty. I show that greater information uncertainty predicts more positive (negative) forecast errors and subsequent forecast revisions following good (bad) news, which corroborates previous findings on the post‐analyst‐revision drift. The opposite effects of information uncertainty on forecast errors and subsequent forecast revisions following good versus bad news support the analyst underreaction hypothesis and are inconsistent with analyst forecast rationality or optimism suggested in prior literature.     

Conservative Accounting and Linear Information Valuation Models*

Prior research using the residual income valuation model and linear information models has generally found that estimates of firm value are negatively biased. We argue that this could result from the way in which accounting conservatism effects are reflected in such models. We build on the conservative accounting model of Feltham and Ohlson 1995 and the Dechow, Hutton, and Sloan 1999 (DHS) methodology to propose a valuation model that includes a conservatism‐correction term, based on the properties of past realizations of residual income and “other information”. “Other information” is measured using analyst‐forecast‐based predictions of residual income. We use data comparable to the DHS sample to compare the bias and inaccuracy of value estimates from our model and from models similar to those used by DHS and Myers 1999. Valuation biases are substantially less negative for our model, but valuation inaccuracy is not markedly reduced.     

粤港澳大湾区城市政务新媒体旅游信息传播效率研究

本文采用三阶段DEA分析法分析粤港澳大湾区9+2城市旅游管理机构官方微信公众号为代表的旅游新媒体传播特征和效率。分析结果表明,大湾区城市旅游新媒体传播效率差异较大,账户粉丝数量、发文数量和原创内容比例均处于较低水平;在城市空间协同和跨平台传播方面均有较大的提升空间,急需形成湾区城市间的传播规模效应。应对以上问题,需明确旅游新媒体平台独特定位,加强新媒体账号的空间协同和跨平台导流,学习创新管理方式和运营模式,加强运营管理者媒介培训。     

证券市场会计信息披露的契约理论分析

证券市场逐步确立了对上市公司的强制性会计信息披露制度和会计信息审计制度,这些制度的形成是企业与其相关者各方利益冲突与协调的过程和结果,会计信息披露成为联结企业契约各方的纽带。会计信息披露不再仅仅是企业的法定义务,而且是企业承担的契约义务。     

Information Conveyed in Announcements of Analyst Coverage*

This paper examines the security market response to the announcement of sell-side analysts' decisions to initiate coverage of a firm. We examine the market reaction to the initiation announcement and the accompanying investment recommendation, by disaggregating our sample based on existing analyst coverage at the announcement date. We find, on average, a significantly larger, positive stock price reaction to buy recommendations conveyed in announcements of coverage initiation for firms with a small existing analyst following compared to such announcements for firms receiving no prior analyst coverage. Tests show that the relation between the extent of preexisting analyst coverage and market response is nonlinear and concave down in shape. Specifically we find that lightly followed firms, on average, experience larger price reactions to announcements of coverage initiations than either previously uncovered firms or more heavily followed firms. We test for and find that this result holds over a range of definitions of light coverage and is not attributable to the presence of an underwriting relationship existing between the analyst's employer and the firm receiving coverage. We do find that initiations by analysts named to Institutional Investor magazine's “All-American Research Team” produce a significantly larger market reaction than do initiations by non-All-American security analysts. In addition, similar to the market response associated with other types of information events, we observe that proxies for the richness of the initiated firms' preannouncement information environment are associated with event-day average abnormal returns.     

Disclosure of Predecision Information in a Duopoly*

Abstract. This paper analyzes the differential impact of the firm-specific versus industry-wide common components of a firm's information on its voluntary disclosure policy. The firm may or may not receive a private signal, which is related to both firm-specific and industry-wide common uncertainty. The cost and benefit of disclosure are modelled in an imperfectly competitive product market where an uninformed opponent's reaction to a disclosure affects the manager's expected profit. The results indicate that the nature of a privately informed firm's equilibrium disclosure policy depends on whether the signal is relatively more informative of firm-specific or industry-wide uncertainty. Unfavourable news is disclosed, and favourable news, withheld, if the signal is more informative about an industry-wide shock. On the other hand, favourable news is disclosed and unfavourable news is withheld if the signal is more informative about firm-specific shock. Thus disclosure and nondisclosure of specific subsets of signals can each be consistent with profit maximizing behaviour. Comparative statics show that disclosure increases with (1) an increase in the probability that the firm receives private information, (2) an increase in the variance of the prior uncertainty, and (3) a decrease in the precision of the private signal. Furthermore, whether more of the favourable or unfavourable signals are disclosed is sensitive to whether the private signal is more informative about firm-specific or industry-wide factors. The results in this paper may explain the inconsistent findings in several empirical studies of voluntary disclosure. Résumé. L'auteur analyse l'incidence marginale sur la politique de l'entreprise en matière d'informations facultatives des éléments d'information courante qui sont propres à l'entreprise par rapport à ceux qui sont propres à l'ensemble du secteur. L'entreprise peut ou non recevoir des indices privilégiés, reliés aux incertitudes actuelles touchant l'entreprise aussi bien que le secteur dans son ensemble. Les coûts et les avantages de l'information sont modélisés sous la forme d'un marché de produits où la concurrence est imparfaite, dans lequel la réaction d'une entreprise rivale non informée à la publication d'information influe sur les bénéfices espérés du gestionnaire. Les résultats indiquent que la nature de la politique en matière d'informations, en situation d'équilibre, d'une entreprise détenant de l'information privilégiée dépend du caractère de l'indice, à savoir s'il est relativement plus informatif au sujet de l'incertitude propre à l'entreprise ou propre à l'ensemble du secteur. L'information défavorable est publiée et l'information favorable est retenue si l'indice est plus révélateur en ce qui a trait à l'impact sur l'ensemble du secteur. D'autre part, l'information favorable est publiée et l'information défavorable est retenue si l'indice est davantage révélateur en ce qui a trait à l'impact sur l'entreprise elle-même. Ainsi, la publication et la non-publication de sous-ensembles précis d'indices peuvent être, de part et d'autre, inspirées par le désir de maximiser les bénéfices. L'analyse comparative des conditions d'équilibre démontre que la publication d'information croît avec i) la hausse de la probabilité que l'entreprise reçoive de l'information privilégiée, ii) l'augmentation de la variance dans l'incertitude préalable et iii) la diminution de la précision de l'indice privilégié. En outre, le fait que l'indice privilégié soit plus informatif au sujet des facteurs propres à l'entreprise ou propres au secteur dans son ensemble influe sur la quantité des indices favorables ou défavorables qui sont publiés. Les résultats exposés ici peuvent expliquer la divergence des observations notées dans plusieurs études empiriques relatives aux informations facultatives.     

Covenants and Accounting Information in the Market for Classes of Preferred Stock*

Abstract. This study investigates variations in covenants across different classes of preferred stock and describes the role of accounting numbers in such covenants. The findings indicate that covenants in contracts that protect the priority of the claims of preferred stockholders are more prevalent in very debt-like preferred stock issues when there are greater anticipated conflicts over claim priority with common stockholders. When the preferred stock issues take on common equity-like interests, there is less opportunity for common stockholders to gain from diluting the priority of the claims of the preferred stockholders. Consequently, the contracts are not configured to the same extent of restrictions on wealth transfers. Audited accounting numbers are utilized extensively in these covenants, and the contracts adjust these numbers to limit management's discretion in their choice of accounting policies for relaxing the covenants. Résumé. Les auteurs analysent les différences observées dans les clauses restrictives associées à diverses catégories d'actions privilégiées et décrivent le rôle des données comptables chiffrées dans ces clauses. Les conclusions de l'étude révèlent que les clauses restrictives des contrats qui assurent la priorité des créances des actionnaires privilégiés sont plus répandues dans les émissions d'actions privilégiées s'apparentant très étroitement à des titres d'emprunt lorsque les conflits prévus avec les actionnaires ordinaires en ce qui a trait à la priorité des créances sont plus importants. Lorsque les actions privilégiées émises s'apparentent davantage à des actions ordinaires, les actionnaires ordinaires sont moins susceptibles de tirer profit d'une dilution de la priorité des créances des actionnaires privilégiés. Par conséquent, les contrats ne sont pas structurés de façon à contenir des restrictions de même portée sur les transferts de richesse. Les données comptables vérifiées sont abondamment utilisées dans ce genre de clauses restrictives, et les contrats prévoient l'ajustement des données chiffrées de façon à limiter la discrétion dont jouit la direction dans le choix des conventions comptables susceptibles d'assouplir le caractère restrictif des clauses.