Partnership and the Limits to Local Governance in England: Institutionalist Analysis and Neoliberalism

There is much debate about the shift from a pattern of traditional local government to one of local governance, and about the impact of such a tendency on the effectiveness of governance processes and outcomes. This article argues that it is necessary in exploring such issues to bring together contributions informed by new institutionalist perspectives with others concerned with the political economy of neoliberalism. Partnerships are widely seen to be a significant element in the shift from government to governance, and the article focuses on the role of partnerships at both local (ie local authority) and neighbourhood level. Key questions about ‘local partnership governance’ concern its democratic legitimacy and the capacity of its institutions. Drawing on the examples of local strategic partnerships and the New Deal for Communities programme in England, it is recognized that such partnerships can appear to open up new approaches to legitimacy and new possibilities of enhancing the capacity of the local governance system. In fact, however, they are more likely to undermine democracy and accountability, and lack the capacity to be effective, while limiting local policy options to those consistent with New Labour's neoliberal policy agenda.     

区域规划的必要性与困境:从英格兰废止区域空间战略所引发的思考

面对全球经济衰退和地方可持续发展的严峻挑战,英国政府自2010年以来,为解决规划体系存在的层级过多、官僚、效率低下等弊端,通过重构空间规划体系,调整规划和发展之间的关系,实现经济的复苏.英国空间规划体系改革废止2004年《规划和强制收购法》所设立的法定区域空间战略,区域协调出现问题.区域间的协作长期以来就是空间规划的一个难题,解决这个难题有两种模式,一个是政府行政的模式,另一个是市场和经济的模式.由于英国 自身具有自由裁量权特征的规划体系,区域间各方的合作十分重要,但以什么机制开展协作一直未能解决.这次的改革废除了区域规划和区域机构,希望以市场的手段进行协调、平衡区域间各方的利益在理论上具有操作性,但至今为止的实际运作并不理想.     

从管理土地建设到管理土地利用改变——探讨深圳土地管理制度改革中的规划概念

深圳近年在二次开发机制创新中使用了面向土地权益主体的发展控制政策,疏解了土地集中储备环节出现的障碍,但是与既有土地使用权和规划制度产生矛盾,也影响土地利用管理规则的稳定性。如何解决其中的矛盾对于创新成果的制度性转变非常关键。在国有土地使用权制度下,随着土地权益从集中向个体转移,土地利用管理将面临新的要求。以此为背景,探讨了规划对土地利用改变全过程进行规划控制的意义和理论上的可能性,以及相应规划权力与机制的调整。     

Lessons from the History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States: A Case Study in American Affordable Housing Policy

Understanding the history of the affordable housing cooperatives in the United States helps us understand the general history of American affordable housing policy. This paper contains a decade-by-decade summary of the history of affordable cooperatives. The affordable cooperative movement has evolved from ethnic and union groups which developed self-help cooperatives in the 1920s, through the federal funding of low-income cooperatives in the 1960s and 70s, to local nonprofit organizations using ad hoc packages of funds to organize cooperatives during the 1980s and 90s. As this history unfolds, it provides answers to contemporary policy questions affecting both cooperatives and affordable housing in general.     

沈阳市土地利用规划实施保障措施探讨

当前的土地利用总体规划存在着规划缺乏科学性、协调性和预见性等问题,导致土地利用不充分、土地浪费等现象频发。土地利用规划的理论、方法以及实施制度亟待创新。本研究致力于建立更加完善的土地规划实施保障措施,从法律修缮、行政管理、经济调节、社会监督、科技保障等层面进行讨论,期望促进沈阳市土地规划保障措施不断更新,实现良好发展。     

Strengthening Access to Land for Housing for the Poor in Maputo,Mozambique

Informal, or illegal, occupation of land is growing in importance in the cities of the developing world, especially sub‐Saharan Africa. The widespread nature of ‘illegality’ in some situations has led to queries of whether this should be termed ‘illegal’, and this is particularly so where there are potentially different entities bestowing legality. It has been increasingly recognized that informal land development is a solution for access to land by the urban poor, where formal supply is inadequate and inflexible, but that there need to be more efficient relationships between the formal and informal sectors. It is thus argued that new forms of association and new forms of partnership across the formal boundary are required. This article looks at the situation of land access for housing in Maputo, the capital of Mozambique, with a focus on the poor majority, and suggests alternative mechanisms for urban land rights to the simplistic application of full freehold tenure in formal land markets. These alternative mechanisms are based on structures within civil society, as it is argued that where the state and market are weak, as in Mozambique, these are more appropriate and less alienating for the urban poor majority. L'occupation irrégulière, voire illégale, des terrains s'accroît dans les villes des pays en développement, notamment en Afrique sub‐saharienne. Le caractère répandu de ‘l'illégalité’ dans certaines situations a conduit à s'interroger sur la pertinence du terme ‘illégal’, en particulier quand différentes entités sont susceptibles d'accorder la légalité. De plus en plus souvent, il est reconnu que l'aménagement non‐officiel du sol est une solution permettant aux citadins pauvres d'accéder à la terre (lorsque l'offre officielle n'est ni suffisante ni souple), mais que les relations entre les secteurs officiels et non‐officiels doiventÀtre plus performantes. L'article affirme qu'il faut créer de nouvelles formes d'association et de partenariat dépassant le cadre officiel. Il observe la situation de l'accès foncier pour le logement à Maputo, capitale du Mozambique, en considérant la majorité pauvre, et suggère d'autres mécanismes pour les droits fonciers urbains jusqu'à la demande toute simple de la pleine propriété sur des marchés fonciers officiels. Ces mécanismes de substitution sont basés sur des structures appartenant à la société civile, car lorsque l'État et le marché sont faibles, comme au Mozambique, ces mécanismes sont plus appropriés et moins aliénants pour la majorité urbaine pauvre.     

灰色用地——一种协调蔓延萎缩边缘区近远期土地弹性利用的规划方法

首先对萎缩型边缘区进行定义阐述,剖析国内萎缩型边缘区土地低效利用的深层次原因。通过国内外土地利用开发理念,明确土地资源再利用发展的模式与方法。继而研究了主动考虑发展过程的"灰色用地"规划模式,并首次提出产业"由附转主、由短为长"更新为参考标准的土地转换模式,引入短期型产业用地与长期性产业用地,提高"灰色用地"在萎缩型边缘区规划中的操作性,为我国萎缩型边缘区土地集约发展提供了一种新思路。     

Spatial variations in the hidden enterprise culture: Some lessons from England

Despite the growing recognition that many businesses start by trading on a partially or wholly off-the-books basis, there has been little investigation of whether the prevalence and character of this hidden enterprise culture varies spatially. The aim of this paper is to start to fill that gap. Reporting the results of face-to-face interviews conducted in affluent and deprived urban and rural English localities with 91 early-stage entrepreneurs and 81 established self-employed, it is shown that in all localities wholly legitimate businesses are just the tip of the iceberg and that beneath the surface is a large hidden enterprise culture. However, the preponderance of early-stage entrepreneurs and the established self-employed to trade off-the-books is greater in some locality-types than others. Not only do early-stage entrepreneurs and the established self-employed more commonly trade off-the-books in deprived and rural localities, but they are also more likely to trade wholly off-the-books and therefore not be even recognized as existing by official data sources. The implication is that deprived and rural communities are more enterprising and entrepreneurial than is currently recognized and, consequently, that legitimizing this hidden enterprise culture could be an important means of promoting enterprise and economic development in such communities. The paper concludes by briefly reviewing how this might be achieved.     

Planning Discourse versus Land Discourse: The 2009–12 Reforms in Land‐Use Planning Policy and Land Policy in Israel

Land policy and land‐use planning policy are two types of public policy pertaining to space. In general, land‐use planning policy deals with land‐use allocation and property rights, whereas land policy defines the land regime of a society. These differences have shaped a unique discourse for each of these policy types. The purpose of this article is to examine the differences and similarities between the land discourse and the planning discourse by analyzing two public campaigns conducted in Israel against two proposed reforms: the 2009 reform of the Israel Land Administration and the 2010–12 reform of the Planning and Building Law. The findings reveal substantive differences between the two campaigns, manifested in the nature of the leading players, the types of public activities they chose, and most notably in the discourses and the hierarchy of considerations they addressed. The findings raise profound questions regarding universal trends in spatial policy reforms; their influence on the activities of public coalitions and the discourses they adopted; possible future effects of these trends on the differences between the land discourse and the planning discourse; and the impact of these trends on the ability of groups and individuals elsewhere to influence spatial policies (such as planning and land policies).     

土地利用规划与环境保护规划的空间衔接研究——在生态文明建设视角下

过去几十年我国经济的持续发展,在很长一段时间里忽视了对自然资源的保护,长此以往我国自然生态环境遭受巨大的破坏,自然资源遭受损失,因此,自然环境资源保护迫在眉睫.现今我国在持续关注经济发展的同时也越来越重视生态文明建设.生态文明建设需要科学有效的土地利用规划和环境保护规划,这在新时期新中国生态文明发展中发挥着积极的作用....     

面向生态文明发展要求的国土空间规划探索——以延庆分区规划(国土空间规划)为例

以延庆分区规划为例探讨建立一种以生态保护为前提、优化利用为宗旨,促进要素有机融合、协调布局的区级国土空间规划策略,构建与生态文明转型相适应的空间格局.首先构建面向生态文明发展的总体任务框架,分宏观和中观两个层次,宏观层面重点突出生态、生产、生活三个子系统的空间关系的整体优化,中观层面增强生态要素与生产、生活空间的渗透和融合,以乡镇为基础规划四类覆盖全域的生态融合单元,将各类控制和引导要求落实到下一层次的乡镇规划中,实现对空间布局优化设想的具体落实.     

PLANNING AND GOVERNANCE IN A POSTCOLONIAL CONTEXT: A Historical Institutionalist Approach to Land Use Planning in Morocco

This study is concerned with the way colonial land use planning practices have persisted within local institutional structures in the former French colony of Morocco. We use a historical institutionalist approach to reevaluate Morocco's land use planning history and identify key feedback mechanisms that support the continuity of colonial practices within the Moroccan planning institutional structure. We used institutional mappings to identify key actors involved in planning and examined the formal power relations between them. Interviews were used to discuss the effect of informal interactions on the development of land use plans. We argue that aspects of French colonial planning that persisted within the Moroccan local institutional structure have created constraints for Moroccan land use planning. We focus in particular on how a centralist formalization of planning institutions has hampered the effectiveness of decentralization reforms and explain how institutional patterns deriving from the French paternalist approach to colonial rule have persisted in the form of a duality in modern planning structures. Finally, we argue that this path dependence has been strengthened by the creation of the derogation system as a potential way out for actors who are most capable of inducing change.     

PROPERTY-LED INFORMALITY: Shifting Informal Land Development from Popular Housing to Middle-Class and Elite Speculation in Belo Horizonte

Recent decades have seen a rising interest in the peripheral nature of urbanization processes. While research has put the spotlight on large-scale, transnational and financialized real estate actors, less attention has been paid to informal land developers. Addressing that knowledge gap, this article underscores the key role of land developers in informal urbanization through a case study of Belo Horizonte, Brazil. A mixed-methods approach provides new evidence of the widespread, variegated and spatially uneven development of irregular and clandestine subdivisions over the last two decades, revealing a heterogeneous landscape of informal developers. The study shows that informal development has been shifting from the typical popular and peripheral subdivision, which provided precarious yet affordable housing for working-class families, to new forms of speculative investment for the middle and upper classes, such as country homes and gated communities in peri-urban and rural areas. I argue that this shift is explained by both national and local changing regulatory frameworks and processes of economic restructuring, urban neoliberalism and housing financialization in the periphery. In light of this, I propose the notion of ‘property-led informality’ to refer to a regime of informal urbanization increasingly dominated by commodified, rentiership and speculative land dynamics in the sprawling metropolises of the global South.     

国土空间规划中城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作分析

随着我国工业化、城镇化和农业现代化进程快速的同时,我国城乡土地利用方式粗放、利用效益低下等问题也日益凸显出来.城乡建设用地增减挂钩工作作为盘活农村土地资源、协调城乡统筹发展的重要措施,在新时期国土空间规划背景下,增减挂钩工作与之有机结合,在促进新农村建设和实现乡村振兴中发挥了重要作用.