Structural change and technological development

It is important for our understanding of sectoral and regional structural change to analyze the R & D-activities. In this paper we show that R & D should be analyzed as an endogenous, intermediate, public investment variable rather than as ordinary capital investment. The allocation of resources for R&D cannot be decentralized regionally or sectorally but should preferably be decided on as a problem of optimal taxation. It is shown that the optimal rate of taxation for R&D is determined by possibilities of substitution between ordinary capital investments and R&D, by the propensity to invest and by the productivity of the R&D- producing sector. A dynamic model with accessibility representation of knowledge is finally formulated. This interregional R&D-model also has equilibrium growth properties. The equilibrium rate of growth of all regions of this model can be raised by decreasing any interregional distance or by raising any regional propensity to invest.     

Learning the Organisation: Confusions and Contradictions For New Managers

Diane Preston, who is Lecturer in Human Resource Management at Loughborough University Business School, draws on a study of graduates from four sites of a multinational chemical company to discuss the process of socialisation of new managers. She argues that of particular significance is the new managers’ relationship with their own manager; where the manager is supportive and encouraging, this creates a positive lens through which other organisational activities are seen.     

The dynamics of structural change: a model of economic development and urbanization

A system model is constructed for stimulating the development dynamics of a class of developing countries. The interrelations among socio-economic variables, feedback relations and the recursive relationship of intertemporal solutions are emphasized. For some plausible values of parameters and initial conditions, the model generates results generally consistent with the experience of many developing economies. Emerging from the dynamics are rapid urbanization accompanied by little industrial growth, increasingly unbalanced spatial distribution of population, ever-worsening distribution of income, unemployment and under-employment in both rural and urban areas, and other familiar features of the developing world unexplained by comparative-static equilibrium models.     

用创意文化改变发展模式

文化产业为什么重要？ 中国经济发展很好．从上世纪90年代初期以来．我们保持了最佳发展速度．用一句老百姓说的话．叫“八九不离十”。但另一方面却很不理想：这个最佳速度．不是以理想的增长方式换来的。现在的中国经济．依然是粗放的增长方式，具体说来．“三高两低”：高投入．高排放、高消耗．低产出、低效益。标志增长方式优化的指标基本上没完成．但是大家却把这些指标忽略了。如：2006年，我国单位GDP能耗指标不降反升。以这样的增长方式翻两番．全世界的钢铁．煤炭给中国烧完了．还缺口：全世界产的水泥被中国用完了．还缺一半。中央提出科学发展观．转变增长方式，最重要的任务是用科学的增长方式实现中国经济持续快速健康发展。     

Organisation vs. culture: Japanese automotive transplants in the US

It has long been argued that the Japanese production organization is culture-bound and therefore not transferable to other countries. This article examines seven major Japanese automobile assembly plants and over 270 Japanese automotive parts suppliers in the US. The successful transfer of Japanese work and production organization in these ‘transplants’ suggests that Japanese production practices are organizational forms which can be uncoupled from Japanese culture and transferred to other countries.     

Human resource practices and discrimination in South Africa: overcoming the apartheid legacy

While there is some level of isomorphism and convergence in HRM practices, country-specific differences remain, notwithstanding globalization and the influence of increasingly powerful multinationals. Much work has occurred on diversity management and cultural aspects of management in South Africa (SA). This analysis finds that local institutional context in labour relations and particularism in practices remain important, although the influence of convergent forces such as globalization, information technology and increased competition has become much more prominent in post-apartheid SA. Human resource practitioners in SA see the most important workplace challenges as performance improvement, employment equity, training and development and managing trade union expectations. This article critically evaluates the effects of recent legislative measures, particularly labour court and arbitration awards aimed at addressing the adverse impact of past unfair discrimination on pay practices and skills development. The latter are found to be interrelated, sensitive and difficult areas of discrimination in respect of legal proof.     

中日社会经济发展与物流变迁(下)——中国社会经济发展与物流变迁

新中国成立至今,社会经济取得了举世瞩目的成就,人民的生活水平发生了翻天覆地的变化.这一发展过程可以说是物资不断丰富、流通不断发展的过程.物流,其概念从无到有,从不被重视到成为重点发展产业,目前正同社会经济一起处于转型升级的重要阶段.本文结合中国社会经济发展对中国物流的变迁进行分析,并针对中国物流现状提出目前中国物流存在的问题,最后结合日本物流发展过程和中国社会经济的特点探讨中国物流的发展方向.     

从企业环境的变化看战略管理思想的演变

文章对战略管理理论的发展演变过程及相应时期的企业环境进行了分析,从而揭示出各种战略管理理论流派与其特定的企业环境的适应性,希望能从当今企业环境的变化趋势来探究战略管理思想的发展方向。     

北京城市办公业发展与城市变化阶段分析

办公业发展作为城市经济转型的组成部分,在北京城市变化中经历了4个阶段:(1)变消费城市为生产城市——办公业萌芽期。新中国成立后至改革开放前,北京城市大力发展工业,变消费城市为生产城市。这一时期由于政治上的原因,外商驻京机构很少;而国内金融、保险、房地产、信息行业基本处于萌芽阶段。因而,该时期无真正意义上的办公业。(2)现代化城市——办公业起步期。改革开放至20世纪80年代中后期,北京向现代化城市迈进,商务管理职能为主体的办公业开始萌芽,城市经济结构发生了变化,第三产业中生产性服务业开始兴起。(3)国际化大都市——办公业起飞期。从20世纪90年代中后期至21世纪早期,北京开始向国际化大都市靠近,相对形成了几个办公区域,如CBD商务办公区域、中关村高科技办公区域、复兴门金融办公区域等。生产性服务业占据主导地位。(4)现代化国际城市-办公业飞速发展期。2008年奥运申办成功后,北京城市发展又处于一个转型期,以公司办公为核心的办公业空间集聚使北京城市发生新的变化。     

Chains, holes, and links: Organisation of activities in supplier relationships in the Russian transition economy

In the context of the transition to market economy as a way to accommodate new ways of managing supply, the paper analyses the chain of activities performed in four supplier relationships in the wood-processing industry in Russia. In contrast to what might be expected, the chains of activities in the cases demonstrate different orders of activities, implying that firms tend to organise their chains differently, depending on the character of the relationship. Moreover, the four cases also indicate that activities usually performed by the supplier in Western market economies are still carried out by the customer in Russia. It also seems that the interfaces in the chains are seldom characterised by mutually adapted activities and that the few mutual adaptations observed are to be found at the customer level. Consequently, the activity link between the supplier and the customer tends to be weak; payment and quality control are the only activities that have been adapted to the relationship as such. The paper concludes with a discussion of three strategies for supply management in transition economies.     

关联方披露会计准则与税法差异的比较及协调

在关联方交易的会计和税务处理方面，《企业会计准则第36号——关联方披露》与税法的规定存在较大的差异。本文对此进行比较分析，并提出协调对策，尝试实现二者的融合，以降低纳税人的财务核算成本和征纳双方遵从税法的成本。     

Assessing the historical role of credit: Business cycles,financial crises and the legacy of Charles S. Peirce

This paper provides a historical overview of financial crises and their origins. The objective is to discuss a few of the modern statistical methods that can be used to evaluate predictors of these rare events. The problem involves the prediction of binary events, and therefore fits modern statistical learning, signal processing theory, and classification methods. The discussion also emphasizes the need for statistics and computational techniques to be supplemented with economics. The success of a forecast in this environment hinges on the economic consequences of the actions taken as a result of the forecast, rather than on typical statistical metrics of prediction accuracy.     

Post-privatised Shop Steward Organisation and Union Renewal at Girobank

Using an ethnographic case study approach this article provides empirical evidence concerning the response of local union stewards to managerial-led change during and after the process of privatisation. It is suggested that the key mediating factors of a decisive ideological purpose and local leadership style provide the ingredients for sustainable union renewal. Wider implications are noted, in particular a gap between national trade union policies and workplace industrial relations practices.     

Driving change: up the organization

In the traditional view of the world, leaders cause change by affecting the behavior of others. This can happen in any of a number of ways. Some leaders use power and authority. Others use influence and persuasion. Still others lead by example. The key concept to remember is that the real need for change is in behavior. Effective change requires a change in behavior.     

Using competency development tools as a strategy for change in the human resources function: A case study

This case study explores issues in building and implementing competency-based development tools for an HR organization in the midst of fundamental change. The case includes a realistic appraisal of the critical design decisions, marketing strategies, and implementation success factors required for using competencies to articulate and foster understanding of a change effort. © 1996 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Determining the contribution of technical change, efficiency change and scale change to productivity growth in the privatized English and Welsh water and sewerage industry: 1985–2000

The water and sewerage industry of England and Wales was privatized in 1989 and subjected to a new regime of environmental, water quality and RPI+K price cap regulation. This paper estimates a quality-adjusted input distance function, with stochastic frontier techniques in order to estimate productivity growth rates for the period 1985–2000. Productivity is decomposed so as to account for the impact of technical change, efficiency change, and scale change. Compared with earlier studies by Saal and Parker [(2000) Managerial Decision Econ 21(6):253–268, (2001) J Regul Econ 20(1): 61–90], these estimates allow a more careful consideration of how and whether privatization and the new regulatory regime affected productivity growth in the industry. Strikingly, they suggest that while technical change improved after privatization, productivity growth did not improve, and this was attributable to efficiency losses as firms appear to have struggled to keep up with technical advances after privatization. Moreover, the results also suggest that the excessive scale of the WaSCs contributed negatively to productivity growth.