农户采用水稻轻简栽培技术的行为分析

本文通过对16省25县5643个农户水稻轻简栽培技术应用情况的调查与分析,结果表明,轻简栽培技术的采用率随着农户文化程度的提高有增加的趋势,随着农户种植规模的增加有降低的趋势。种植双季稻的农户轻简栽培技术的采用率明显高于种植单季稻的农户。种植规模、文化程度和季节对轻简栽培技术的影响达极显著水平,其中季节的影响最大,其次是种植规模,最后是农户文化程度。     

人格特质对茶农有机茶技术采纳的影响

根据福建省安溪县656份的问卷调查数据,基于大五人格特质理论,运用结构方程模型分析人格特质对茶农的有机茶技术采纳行为的影响。结果表明:安溪县茶农的经营特征与其所处的技术环境对有机茶技术采纳行为不存在显著直接效应,但都通过技术采纳态度对技术采纳的行为产生正向影响作用,其中有机茶技术采纳态度起完全中介作用;人格特质对有机茶技术采纳行为既存在直接正向预测作用,又通过有机茶技术采纳态度对技术采纳行为产生间接正向预测作用,并且间接效应大于直接效应,起中介变量的作用。因此,运用人格测评工具来发挥技术采纳者的性格优势在技术采纳过程中的作用,释放有机茶技术的生态溢出效应,将为有机茶技术推广研究提供新思路。     

Survey and Analysis of Labour on Organic Farms in the UK and Republic of Ireland

A survey of 1144 organic farms in the UK and Republic of Ireland (IE) was used to assess whether organic agriculture provides more labour than conventional (nonorganic) farming. The sampled farms comprised 23% of all organic farms. The jobs per farm and per area varied greatly with enterprise type and farm size, and between regions. Comparison of the survey with national statistics showed that organic farms employ 135% more FTE (full time equivalent jobs) per farm than conventional farms. The mean jobs per area was markedly lower for organic farms (1.35 compared to 2.43 FTE per 100 ha), because they are larger (216 ha compared to 51 ha). Even when corrected for the different size distribution, organic farms had more jobs per farm than the national averages (2.52 and 1.49 FTE for the UK and IE, compared to 1.28 and 1.16 FTE). The farm size weighted FTE per area for organic farms in the UK (4.33 FTE per 100 ha) was almost twice that for conventional farms. We predict there would be 19% and 6% more farming jobs in the UK and IE if 20% of the farms of both countries were to become organic (compared to the present 1–2%).     

Horticultural Auctions in the Netherlands

This paper depicts the evolution of Dutch auctions during the past hundred years from a "price discovery" institution to a "marketing" institution, focusing on price discovery. A conceptual framework is proposed to assess the suitablility of marketing management by agricultural marketing institutions. The history of Dutch horticultural auctions is briefly reviewed. The conceptual framework proposed is applied to the evolution of Dutch horticultural auctions.     

中国农村劳动力外出的影响因素分析

本文利用迁移理论从个体、家庭、社区和制度等多个层面对中国农村劳动力外出的影响因素进行了系统分析,提出了相关因素影响劳动力外出可能性的16个假设,并在此基础上建立了劳动力外出决策模型,利用中国农村住户调查34000户样本数据,对这些假设进行了实证分析。主要结论是:农民外出决策是多种因素共同作用的结果。对农民个体来讲,劳动力外出行为首先表现为人力资本竞争选择的结果;对于农民家庭来说,家庭相对剥夺感和市场流动性差增加了农民外出务工的可能性,新经济迁移理论在中国是实用的;对于家庭所在社区来讲,一个基础条件好和社会资本丰富的社区有利于推动农民外出,但过高的非农产业发展水平会降低本地劳动力外出的可能性;从制度层面讲,城乡二元结构及其相关的制度变革对中国农村劳动力流动产生了根本影响。     

Productivity and Environmental Performance in Marketing Cooperatives: An Analysis of the Spanish Horticultural Sector

The paper analyses the productivity of marketing cooperatives incorporating environmental inputs/outputs. In the European agriculture, expectations for attaining sustainable and competitive agriculture rely to a great extent on the cooperative sector's ability to adapt to new market conditions. These challenges have led marketing cooperatives in the fruit and vegetables sector to consider improvements in productivity and sound environmental performance. The study analyses the total factor productivity related to environmental variables in this sector using a parametric‐stochastic approach and panel data on Spanish cooperatives over the period 1994–2002. Additionally, the determinants of environmental productivity are examined econometrically. The estimates obtained show an increase in efficiency for the period under study and a relationship between productivity changes and management factors, such as labour quality, capital intensity and environmental spillover.     

英国土地规划政策与房地产供给分析

研究目的：分析英国土地规划政策对房地产市场供给的影响。研究方法：应用政策分析方法总结英国土地规划政策特点,特别是分析规划许可证制度对房地产供给的影响。研究结果：（1）英国政府通过土地规划政策对房地产市场进行间接调控,能够有效控制各类房地产产品的供应数量。但是调控在市场上升阶段存在较强的滞后效应;在市场低迷时,调整的功效甚微。（2）英国政府通过土地规划许可证的签发,要求房地产开发商负担起建设保障性住房的任务,这一政策保证了保障性住房的质量和数量,促进低收入人群融入社区,有利于社会和谐发展,但是房地产开发商的成本被推高,商品房供给减少,最终导致商品房价格偏高。研究结论：中央和地方政府可以灵活利用土地规划政策对市场进行调控,但是政府行为通常会带来意想不到的“成本”,应随时调整政策,保证政策有效实施的情况下降低“计划外”成本。     

Modelling the adoption of organic horticultural technology in the UK using Duration Analysis

Duration Analysis, which allows the timing of an event to be explored in a dynamic framework, is used to model the adoption of organic horticultural technology in the UK. The influence of a range of economic and non-economic determinants is explored using discrete time models. The empirical results highlight the importance of gender, attitudes to the environment and information networks, as well as systematic effects that influence the adoption decision over the lifetime of the producer and over the survey period.     

Descriptive Analysis of Saskatchewan Organic Producers

A total of 69 Saskatchewan organic producers were surveyed in the spring of 1991. Although Saskatchewan organic farming represents a move toward an alternative conventional system of agriculture it is not a complete reversal from conventional practices. Saskatchewan organic farmers are experimenting with highly integrated systems which incorporate green manure crops and soil testing and require high management and marketing skills. In a study of then-goals and objectives using fuzzy sets, environment and healthy food were ranked above farm survival. This leads to the conclusion that most organic farmers do not adopt organic practices based on purely economic criteria but on higher goals within their own hierarchy.     

Determinants of World Wheat Trade Flows and Policy Analysis

The conventional gravity model is revised for a single commodity and applied to wheat markets to determine factors affecting trade flows of wheat. This study demonstrates the gravity model can be parameterized more effectively by using time series and cross-section data rather than cross-section data alone. The study reveals that all independent variables, including production capacities, income, import and export unit value indexes, and trade policies used in wheat trade play an important role in determining trade flows of wheat. Long-term agreements achieve highest performance toward enhancing international wheat trade. Credit sales also contribute to increased wheat movements. The U.S. Export Enhancement Program and the EC Export Refund program are less effective in stimulating the world wheat trade. On the import side, protectionist policies of supporting domestic prices greatly impair wheat trade. Le modèle gravitationnel classique, adapté ici à un produit particulier, est utilisé pour cerner les facteurs influant sur les courants d'échanges internationaux du blé. L'étude démontre que le modèle de gravité peut être paramètrisé plus efficacement si on utilise à la fois les séries chronologiques et les données transversales, plutôt que ces dernières seulement. L'étude révèle que toutes les variables indépendantes, y compris les moyens de production, le revenu, les indices de valeur unitaire des importations et des exportations et les politiques d'échanges extérieurs ont une action déterminante sur les courants d'échanges internationaux du blé. Les accords à long terme sont les facteurs qui contribuent le plus à stimuler les échanges internationaux. Les ventes à crédit ont également un effet stimulant. Le programme américain de subvention aux exportations et le programme de restitution a l'exportation de la CE sont moins efficaces à cet égard. Côté importation, les politiques protectionnistes de soutien des prix intérieurs sont une grave entrave au commerce du blé.     

果农对过量施肥的认知与测土配方施肥技术采纳行为的影响因素分析——基于山东省9个县(区、市)苹果种植户的调查

本文利用对山东省9个县(区、市)279户苹果种植户的调查数据,运用投入导向的径向超效率模型和双变量Probit模型分析了果农对过量施肥的认知与测土配方施肥技术采纳行为的影响因素,并测算了相关因素影响果农对过量施肥有一定程度认知及采纳测土配方施肥技术的边际效应。研究结果表明:山东省9个样本县(区、市)有8个在苹果种植中存在过量施肥问题,调查地区的平均过量施肥量达20.5公斤/亩,亩均施肥量有待降低的幅度都在14%以上;64.9%的果农对过量施肥缺乏认知,采纳测土配方施肥技术的果农仅占21.7%;果农对过量施肥的认知与其测土配方施肥技术采纳行为之间高度正相关。进一步的回归结果显示,文化程度较低、专业化程度较高、有外出打工经历、对过量施肥危害有所认知、参加过种植技术培训、果园土壤较肥沃的果农,对过量施肥有一定程度认知的概率更高;具备上述特征的果农,以及性别为女性、种植年限长、果园为标准化果园、园地较为集中的果农,更倾向于采纳测土配方施肥技术。     

Determinants of farm diversification in the Netherlands

Farm diversification has been prominently supported by agricultural policy makers aiming to support rural development. To increase the understanding of determinants influencing diversification and hence to increase the efficiency of policies aiming to support farm diversification this paper presents the results of an analysis of diversification determinants. The research investigates Dutch farms diversification strategies using Farm Structural Survey (FSS) data of 2011 including 70,392 farms. The study uses a binary logit model to determine the characteristics influencing the diversification decision in general. Furthermore, an in-depth analysis for six diversification strategies was conducted. Additionally the study categorised the specific diversification activities in order to estimate a multinomial probit model, analysing three choice categories simultaneously. This enables us to compare determinants of farm diversification in general with determinants of specific activities. The analysis includes socio- demographic, economic and geophysical farm characteristics assumed to influence the diversification decision. Even though diversification is largely influenced by similar determinants, we find differences that are most pronounced for the adoption of nature conservation strategies. Consequently, it is important for policy makers to target policies at specific diversification activities in order to increase efficiency.     

Land Tenure and the Adoption of Conservation Practices

We use a logit adoption model with data on 941 U.S. corn producers from the 1996 Agricultural Resource Management Study to analyze the influence of land tenure on the adoption of conservation practices. We extend previous analyses by distinguishing renters according to lease type and by distinguishing practices according to the timing of costs and returns. We find that cash-renters are less likely than owner-operators to use conservation tillage, but share-renters are not. Both cash-renters and share-renters are less likely than owner-operators to adopt practices that provide benefits only over the longer term (grassed waterways, stripcropping, and contour farming).     

Adoption of erosion management practices in New Zealand

Soil erosion is a serious environmental threat to New Zealand’s agricultural sector. Economic costs of soil erosion are significant and the costs of adopting mitigation and management practices, given the targets set by environmetal policy, do not spread uniformly across space, economic activities and types of erosion processes. Management practices have been widely employed by farmers and promoted by several policy programs. Practices are not mutually exclusive and could be jointly adopted by comparing productivity gains against costs of implementation. However, research on the identification of the drivers of adoption is scarce in New Zealand. To identify the determinants of adoption of management practices in New Zealand farms, we combine novel survey information with data on climate and erosion in a multivariate probit framework. This framework allows identification of potential complementarity or substitution between management practices. We find significant and heterogeneous effects from erosion levels, temperature, wind velocity and primary land uses on the adoption of any of the practices. In addition, we also find significant complementarities between management practices. The results of this study are important because the complementarities relate to external effects of erosion mitigation which can help to promote public acceptability of mitigation policies.     

Impact of Risk on HYV Adoption in Bangladesh

The objectives of this paper are to develop a measure of risk aversion based on the safety-first principle. The risk coefficient for a large number of farmers was positive indicating the tendency towards gambling in Bangladesh agriculture. Farmers who were near subsistence income (disaster level of income) tended to choose riskier crops such as HYV rice. The risk-aversion variable was highly correlated with demographic and socioeconomic variables. Large holders of land tended to be relatively more risk-averse than small holders of land and area allocated to HYV proportionally declined with increases in holding size. A three-equation model on HYV adoption decisions, fertilizer and hired labour was estimated with a risk-aversion variable based on the safety-first principle, and expected and significant signs were obtained with the risk-aversion variable in HYV and hired labour equations.     

Determinants of Land Use in Amazônia: A Fine-Scale Spatial Analysis

Wetter areas of the Amazon basin exhibit lower rates of agricultural conversion. Previous analyses, using relatively aggregate data on land cover, have been unable to determine the extent to which this reflects limited access versus unfavorable agroclimatic conditions. This article uses census-tract level data for the Brazilian Amazon to relate forest conversion and pasture productivity to precipitation, soil quality, infrastructure and market access, proximity to past conversion, and protection status. The probability that land is used for agriculture or intensively stocked with cattle declines markedly with increasing rainfall, other things equal.     

Adoption of conservation agriculture in Europe: Lessons of the KASSA project

According to KASSA findings, conservation agriculture is less adopted in Europe compared to other adopting regions and, reduced tillage is more common than no-tillage and cover crops. Currently, it is not popularised and it is less researched. The lack of knowledge on conservation agriculture systems and their management and, the absence of dynamic and effective innovation systems make it difficult and socio-economically risky for European farmers to give up ploughing which is a paradigm rooted in their cultural backgrounds. In Norway and Germany the adoption of conservation agriculture has been encouraged and subsidised in order to mitigate soil erosion. In the other European countries the adoption process seems mainly driven by farmers and, the major driving force has been the cost reduction in machinery, fuel and labour saving. Soil and water conservation concerns did not appear as main drivers in the European farmers’ decision to shift or not to conservation agriculture.The shift of European farmers to conservation agriculture is being achieved through a step-by-step attitude, large scale farms are the most adopters. This adoption trend may grow in the future. Indeed, the need to improve farms’ competitiveness, the market globalization and the steady increase of fuel cost will likely contribute to arouse European farmers’ interest in conservation agriculture as it slashes significantly the production costs.Conservation agriculture is not equally suitable for all the European agroecosystems. The need of soil and water conservation in Europe requires anticipating the ongoing process in order to improve its ecological and socio-economic sustainability. Priority would be to define which regions in Europe are the most suitable for conservation agriculture taking into account climate and soil constraints, length of growing period, water availability and quality, erosion hazards and farming conditions. Policy favouring the use of soil cover and profitable crop rotations as management strategies for weed, pest and diseases control will certainly allow developing and disseminating efficient and acceptable conservation agriculture systems.     

基于支付意愿的有机食品需求分析

本文以山东省济南等5个城市的588个消费者为调查对象,利用计划行为理论(Theory of Planned Behavior,TPB)研究了消费者有机食品的购买意愿,构建Logit回归模型分析了影响城市消费者购买有机食品的主要因素.研究结果表明,城市消费者有机食品购买意愿受收入状况、对有机食品的信任度、有机食品的价格、消费者对自身健康的关注程度等因素的影响比较显著,而消费者的年龄、文化程度、对环境保护的关注程度等因素影响较弱.     

我国农业劳动生产率决定的实证分析及政策含义

我国农村居民家庭收入变动的阶段性和结构性特征表明，农业生产效率下降是农业告产经营收入下降的直接原因。本文利用农业劳动生产率决定模型，从实证的角度分析了近年来我国农业家庭经营收入增长下降的内在逻辑和微观机理，并从转移农业剩余劳动力、充分利用结构调整空间、加大技术创新投入等方面提出了提高农业生产效率、增加农民收入的对策建议。     

Adoption of Biotechnology in Thailand and the Threat of Intellectual Property Piracy

The King, upon a representation from His Subjects in the West Indies, that the introduction of the Bread Fruit Tree among them would be a Universal good to constitute an article of food…
I was therefore directed to sail forthwith … for the Society Islands …
And there … to procure of the Natives as many Plants as I could stow on board Ship.
… I was to proceed … to St Vincent, one of the Windward Islands, and depositing One Half of my Plants there, I was to go immediately to Jamaica.
William Bligh
Captain of HMS Bounty, 1789