国际技术扩散的度量、途径及阻碍:一个文献综述

全球大部分技术来源于少数发达国家,在经济全球化背景下,技术通过各种渠道在世界范围内的扩散,对各国的技术水平和经济发展产生了重要影响,国际技术扩散日益成为经济增长理论关注的核心问题之一。本文从三个方面对国际技术扩散的文献进行了梳理和总结,包括技术扩散度量的方式、技术扩散的途径及影响技术扩散的因素。相关研究文献表明,在数量上更精准地度量国际技术扩散已经取得了重要进展;通过国际贸易实现的技术扩散能够提高几乎所有国家的生产效率,但是与FD I流入相联系的技术扩散溢出效应却在发达国家和发展中国家之间呈现出显著的差异;一国的地理距离、技术差距、要素禀赋以及政治制度等若干因素为理解这一现象提供了解释。     

国际技术转移的特征及其度量

文章在对国家技术转移的特点描述的基础上,进行三个重要国际指标——技术国际收支、专利和技术自我满足率的度量,指出技术创新和技术转移的密切相关、国家间技术创新的联系和交流,将直接影响国际技术转移的发展和世界经济格局的变化。     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Diffusion

The paper considers the role of technology diffusion and trade liberalization for the catching‐up of structurally backward countries. A New Economic Geography model is presented that accounts for firm entry/exit and international mobility of skilled labor employed in public R&D sectors. This raises the traditional agglomeration effects in a core–periphery setting as firms and mobile factors usually cluster within spatial agglomerations. With international technology diffusion, however, there is a counteracting effect on the traditional agglomeration effects as firms in the periphery also benefit from increasing R&D expenditures in the core lowering entry costs for firms. It is found that the catching‐up of structurally backward countries is spurred not only as a result of trade integration but also because of technology diffusion.     

基于技术创新扩散环境的Bass扩散模型修正研究

对技术创新扩散环境进行了界定和分类,并就环境因素对技术创新扩散的影响进行了分析,得出由于环境的不确定性决定了技术创新扩散轨迹的不稳定性的结论。在此基础上,从环境因素的影响入手,分别对基本的Bass模型和扩展的Bass模型进行了修正,并对新模型的性质进行了分析。     

国际价值与国际价格:劳动价值论的解释

马克思在劳动价值论中对于商品的国民价值向国际价值转移的内在机制及相关理论没有形成系统的论述。笔者认为,商品的国际价值量由“世界劳动的平均单位”决定,并且只有进入国际市场的那一部分商品才具备国际价值量的属性。遵循价格围绕价值波动的基本原理,国际价格也是围绕国际价值波动的。在国际贸易利益的分配上,参与国际贸易的商品可以获取国际价值和国际价格的双重利益。     

Measuring the Diffusion of Technologies Through International Trade

International Advances in Economic Research - Technological advancements affect economic growth, income distribution and levels of unemployment. However, quantifying the pace of technological...     

Environmental Policy and the International Diffusion of Cleaner Energy Technologies

Technology transfer is an important channel of technological change and sustainable development for countries with less innovative ability than technological leaders. This paper studies whether domestic environmental policies affect the inward technology transfer of cleaner innovation from abroad. We focus specifically on the power sector, for its important role in the decarbonization process, by looking at zero-carbon (renewable) and carbon-saving (efficient fossil) technologies for energy production. Using data on cross-country patent applications, we provide evidence that environmental policy contributes to attracting foreign cleaner technology options to OECD markets but not to non-OECD markets. We show that this is due to the nature of the implemented policy instruments. Market-based approaches positively impact technology transfer to both OECD and non-OECD economies, while non-market based approaches have at best only a weak effect in OECD countries. Domestic environmental policies may provide too weak a signal for foreign innovators in countries off the technological frontier. This calls for a strengthening of policy incentives for technology transfer in light of pressing climate change objectives.     

Money and Inflation: International Evidence Based on Cointegration Theory

This study investigates the relationship between money and inflation using cointegration tests. For a broad sample of countries, the paper finds that most time series data underlying a typical monetarist model are nonstationary, indicating that it is necessary to appropriately transform the data in order to render the confidence tests reliable. Our principal finding is that money and inflation are related only in countries with high inflation [E 31]     

均衡发展的隐形壁垒:方言、制度与技术扩散

技术差异是地区间贫富差距的核心表征,理解技术扩散的深层障碍是有效推行区域均衡发展政策的前提。本文利用方言数据测度文化差异,基于中国代表性城市样本进行实证研究,结果显示:以上海和广州作为技术前沿,各个城市与技术前沿的相对方言距离对技术差距有显著影响,表明文化差异阻碍了技术从前沿地区向其他地区扩散,并且制度是这一过程的重要中介变量,即文化差异通过阻碍制度传播进而阻碍了技术扩散。进一步考察技术扩散壁垒的异质性,发现在同等条件下,更高的人力资本水平、更高的外来移民人口比例、更多的外国直接投资能削弱文化差异的阻碍效应;清末开埠通商、西方传教以及近代工业发展等早期对外开放和采用新技术的历史经验,同样有助于削弱文化差异这一技术扩散的隐形壁垒。     

Project Mechanisms and Technology Diffusion in Climate Policy

The paper deals with the diffusion of GHG mitigation technologies in developing countries. We develop a model where an abatement technology is progressively adopted by firms and we use it to compare the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) with a standard Cap and Trade scheme (C&T). In the presence of learning spillovers, we show that the CDM yields a higher social welfare than C&T if the first adopter receives CDM credits whereas the followers do not. The analysis leads us to suggest two CDM design improvements: relaxing the additionality constraint for projects which generate significant learning externalities, and allowing collective CDM projects which could internalize learning externalities.     

国际贸易理论发展中技术的内生化演进

贸易理论的发展以技术差异分析为起点,立足于解释贸易和增长间现实联系,但发展过程中由于对技术的忽略却导致贸易利益的解释偏于狭隘.笔者基于贸易理论解释现实的需要,分析了技术从被忽略到外生处理的原因和局限,探究了现实经济驱动下技术内生化的路径.笔者认为只有把技术与要素禀赋差异、规模经济结合起来,国际贸易理论才可能对贸易动因、贸易模式变动、动态贸易利益等问题做出全面客观的解答.     

对外贸易对经济增长的贡献：理论与现实

通过梳理各种理论观点和国内外实证研究的结果,结合东亚发展的经验,认为在中国目前的经济发展阶段,对外贸易对经济增长的长期影响通过影响国内资本的存量、劳动力质量以及技术进步而发生作用,在短期内则主要通过出口扩大有效需求而发生作用。     

如何实现引进技术的扩散创新

本文通过分析我国技术引进的现状与方式．指出引进技术的关键在于通过消化吸收、扩散创新以实现国家综合经济实力的提高。由此论证了技术扩散的影响因素及实现机制、文章最后介绍日本“引进技术网络”的经验，并提出我国实现引进技术消化吸收、扩散创新的实施对策。     

International Technology Transfer: Who Gains and Who Loses?*

When one country has a superior technology in all commodities, a Ricardian model with two goods and two countries is used to examine uncompensated transfers of superior technology in one or both goods. A transfer of the superior but second‐best technology always benefits the advanced country because it was improting that good initially and now gets it cheaper. But the free gift of the first‐best technology can also benefit the advanced country if a certain productivity condition is satisfied because that country may now export its former import good at an even better terms of trade.     

Technology assessment network building: The International Association of Technology Assessment and Forecasting Institutions

With the globalization of trade and the increased understanding of transboundary problems such as global climate change, the need for understanding the consequences of technological change has never been higher. Institutional arrangements necessary to assess these changes and make decision makers aware of the consequences have not necessarily adapted to these world conditions. In response to this leading technology assessment and forecasting institutions formed an international association of technology assessment and forecasting institutions to assist in the diffusion of technology assessment in the decision-making process. This paper discusses the origins of the International Association of Technology Assessment and Forecasting Institutions (IATAFI) and the goals and vision for the organization. The following articles represent some of the topics discussed at the first IATAFI conference in Bergen, Norway in May 1994.     

International Environmental Agreements and Black Technology

Environmental and Resource Economics - This paper analyzes the stability of international environmental agreements in a dynamic game when the generation of both renewables and fossil fuel based...     

跨国公司主导型国际分工及其理论创新初探

跨国公司已经发展成为国际分工的重要组织者。跨国公司主导型国际分工正从传统国际分工模式中凸显出来成为新的国际分工模式，并将是今后国际分工理论发展的主要方向。因此，全面了解掌握跨国公司主导型国际分工不仅要对它的含义进行分析，还需要对新分工模式的分工基础、分工格局和分工利益、分工效应以及贸易投资关系进行研究。     

Excel Models for International Trade Theory and Policy: An Online Resource

URL: http://sites.google.com/site/jgilberteconomics/Home/excel/     

国际宏观经济学理论与最新进展

国际宏观经济学是研究开放经济条件下的宏观经济的一门较新的学科,其主要发展体现在战后时期。经历了凯恩斯主义、货币主义等理论,今天的国际宏观经济学体现为对以往理论的综合和发展。本文简要回顾国际宏观经济学领域的理论发展脉络以及发展推动力,并对一个最新的代表性主体跨时最优模型进行分析,借此展望国际宏观经济学的发展规律以及对未来的发展前景。