国际技术扩散的度量、途径及阻碍:一个文献综述

全球大部分技术来源于少数发达国家,在经济全球化背景下,技术通过各种渠道在世界范围内的扩散,对各国的技术水平和经济发展产生了重要影响,国际技术扩散日益成为经济增长理论关注的核心问题之一。本文从三个方面对国际技术扩散的文献进行了梳理和总结,包括技术扩散度量的方式、技术扩散的途径及影响技术扩散的因素。相关研究文献表明,在数量上更精准地度量国际技术扩散已经取得了重要进展;通过国际贸易实现的技术扩散能够提高几乎所有国家的生产效率,但是与FD I流入相联系的技术扩散溢出效应却在发达国家和发展中国家之间呈现出显著的差异;一国的地理距离、技术差距、要素禀赋以及政治制度等若干因素为理解这一现象提供了解释。     

国际技术扩散与经济收敛:一个文献综述

一、引言 在Romer(1986,1990)开创的内生增长理论中,他将技术进步作为经济增长的重要源动力,建立了一个"技术变迁驱动"的经济增长模型,认为经济增长是由技术进步引起的,而技术进步是追求利润最大化的决策者最优决策的结果.此后,Lucas(1988)指出在开放经济中,技术创新是由"干中学"等因素内生决定的;人力资本的存量对于"干中学"的吸收能力至关重要,并决定了经济的增长率.内生经济增长理论为解释发达国家持续的经济增长提供了理论依据.     

国际技术转移的特征及其度量

文章在对国家技术转移的特点描述的基础上,进行三个重要国际指标——技术国际收支、专利和技术自我满足率的度量,指出技术创新和技术转移的密切相关、国家间技术创新的联系和交流,将直接影响国际技术转移的发展和世界经济格局的变化。     

国际直接投资技术扩散与技术进步的经济学分析

现代经济与社会的竞争在一定程度上就是技术的竞争,对技术进步的需求成了人类社会的普遍需求。国际直接投资是技术扩散的主要途径,无论是东道国还是母国都可以通过国际直接投资的技术扩散效应获取技术进步,而跨国公司是推动这一进程的主体。技术扩散的系统主要包括以下要素:技术、技术供方、技术需方、技术转移渠道、技术转移促进及障碍——政府、政策、制度、文化及其它。从经济学的角度分析,技术进步的需求旺盛且刚性增长,技术进步的供给旺盛且回报递增,且技术进步的效率受技术扩散系统诸因素的影响。     

基于网络环境的技术扩散机制研究

网络环境给技术扩散机制带来了巨大的影响与改变,论述了网络环境下技术扩散强度的理论,着重分析了在网络环境下信息扩散与实施技术扩散的过程,并且对技术扩散的机制进行了多方面系统深入的研究。     

技术空间扩散理论的发展及对我国的启示

作为非均质后发大国,我国技术创新的特性决定了技术进步不仅依赖于外部引进和自主创新,更需要保持国家内部不同区域之间技术扩散的顺畅。技术空间扩散理论由地理学家T.Hgerstrand提出,并沿着模式论、因素论和途径论3条线索不断发展。这一理论对加速我国自主创新模式的转变和促进区域协调发展具有重要启示:区际技术扩散为促进自主创新模式的转变提供了理论框架;通过影响因素的适配性确定技术空间扩散的多元化模式;以技术扩散的途径为要点,形成以区域全要素生产率协调为基础的开放型区域技术协调体系。     

Re-examining International Technological-Knowledge Diffusion

In the standard models of North-South technological-knowledge diffusion, the larger the initial technological-knowledge gap between countries, the greater the Southern catching up. However, this result does not adjust well to Southern reality as a whole. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that the disparity between the theoretical outcome and the empirical findings can be reduced by considering that: (i) the South can only imitate Northern technological knowledge when it is sufficiently close to the Northern frontier; (ii) the advantage of the South's moderate backwardness, together with its imitation capacity, is a mechanism of catching up with the North; and (iii) the Southern catching-up specification can be country specific. In particular, we show that the behavior of the South's relative level of employed human capital affects Southern imitation capacity and depends on the catching-up specifications.     

International Technology Diffusion and the Growth of TFP in the Manufacturing Sector of Developing Economies

This paper evaluates various channels through which foreign technology diffuses to the manufacturing sector of developing economies. These economies undertake virtually no own R&D, so they rely on foreign technology to a much larger extent than developed economies. We investigate the direct effect of foreign R&D, as well as technology embodied in imports of intermediate and capital goods and foreign direct investment, on the growth of total factor productivity and value added in the manufacturing sector of 32 economies during 1965–92. We find that foreign R&D typically has the biggest positive impact on domestic productivity and value‐added growth. Imports of capital goods and foreign direct investment also play a similar role, but their effect is of smaller magnitude and is not always significant.     

Trade Liberalization and Technology Diffusion

The paper considers the role of technology diffusion and trade liberalization for the catching‐up of structurally backward countries. A New Economic Geography model is presented that accounts for firm entry/exit and international mobility of skilled labor employed in public R&D sectors. This raises the traditional agglomeration effects in a core–periphery setting as firms and mobile factors usually cluster within spatial agglomerations. With international technology diffusion, however, there is a counteracting effect on the traditional agglomeration effects as firms in the periphery also benefit from increasing R&D expenditures in the core lowering entry costs for firms. It is found that the catching‐up of structurally backward countries is spurred not only as a result of trade integration but also because of technology diffusion.     

技术差距理论框架下产业技术安全测度研究

基于技术差距理论，从全新视角提出产业技术安全理论，改进技术差距率指标，构建包含多项指标的SQE综合评价模型，运用“熵值-灰色关联-TOPSIS”组合模型对产业技术安全进行评价。以2000-2016年世界5G移动通信产业专利数据为样本，对中国5G移动通信产业技术安全进行评价，结果表明：中国5G移动通信产业技术安全总体呈上升趋势，2000-2008年无显著增长，2008-2014年发展迅速。规模分量方面，规模安全总体呈阶梯型上升，安全性不断提高；质量分量方面，安全总体发展缓慢，且呈现先缓慢下降后高速增长；效益分量方面，总体增长缓慢，呈现阶段性波动过程。     

基于简化利润函数的伯川德博弈模型的技术创新扩散讨论

通过在伯川德模型利润函数中引入学习影响、溢出因子等,实现了该模型的改进和简化.结合简化后的支付矩阵对企业创新采用策略进行了分析,得出了在学习能力强、溢出度高的环境下,延迟采用策略可以减低企业的采用成本.     

技术创新扩散的学习论

从个体和组织两个方面对学习问题进行了阐述,认为技术创新扩散的S型曲线完全可以用学习理论加以解释,其中模仿学习和干中学是技术创新扩散学习理论两种主要形式,提出掌握学习理论,研究这些学习形式对技术创新的有效扩散很有意义。     

基于技术创新扩散环境的Bass扩散模型修正研究

对技术创新扩散环境进行了界定和分类,并就环境因素对技术创新扩散的影响进行了分析,得出由于环境的不确定性决定了技术创新扩散轨迹的不稳定性的结论。在此基础上,从环境因素的影响入手,分别对基本的Bass模型和扩展的Bass模型进行了修正,并对新模型的性质进行了分析。     

国际价值与国际价格:劳动价值论的解释

马克思在劳动价值论中对于商品的国民价值向国际价值转移的内在机制及相关理论没有形成系统的论述。笔者认为,商品的国际价值量由“世界劳动的平均单位”决定,并且只有进入国际市场的那一部分商品才具备国际价值量的属性。遵循价格围绕价值波动的基本原理,国际价格也是围绕国际价值波动的。在国际贸易利益的分配上,参与国际贸易的商品可以获取国际价值和国际价格的双重利益。     

Recycling and International Trade Theory

Recently recycling and the production of secondary materials have increased in many countries. However, there is little analysis examining the effects of recycling on comparative advantage, trade, and welfare. In a model with recycling sectors, the author examines whether the Rybczynski theorem is valid, how the price effects are modified, how a recycling subsidy changes the production structure and comparative advantage. It is found that demand has an effect on final goods production and comparative advantage since consumption goods are transformed into recycling inputs.     

Regulations and Technology Diffusion: Cross Subsidies and Digital Infrastructure Creation

Using contemporary historical data, the analysis has examined the impact of cross‐subsidization on technology diffusion within telecommunications networks for local exchange sector telecommunications firms in the United States for the years 1995 to 2000. Firms obtaining greater cross‐subsidies engage in greater technology diffusion via network modernization using digital technologies. Contingent on the institutional setting, cross subsidies have risen. These amounts have been put to relevant use in the diffusion of technology via deployment of digital infrastructure. The principles of subsidization are considered negatively as they have presumed anti‐competitive consequences. In technology diffusion they have played a positive role, as the evidence shows. From a radical subjectivist perspective, cross subsidies generate financial capital for firms, which permits them to deploy high quality technology investments such as broadband and these investments can be used for entrepreneurial experiments in providing several customer services.     

基于模仿的技术扩散

对基于模仿的技术扩散重要研究进行了回顾。以信息不完全为出发点的理论研究主要包括传染病模型和贝叶斯学习模型等;以企业动机为出发点的研究主要包括两阶段的计量模型、门槛模型等。这些研究表明,信息传播所依赖的社会关系网络、技术引进者关于新技术信息的完整性以及企业规模的大小是决定技术扩散的影响因素。此外,关于技术扩散空间过程的一些重要研究,其本质就是传染病模型与门槛模型的空间版本。     

Endogenous Market Structures and International Trade: Theory and Evidence

Under constant elasticity of substitution (CES) preferences and Cournot (or Bertrand) competition, a larger market induces exits of domestic firms, lower prices, and larger production of surviving firms because of competition from more foreign firms, even without resorting to the selection effects of Melitz. The elasticity of the number of firms to population decreases with substitutability between goods, and it reaches 0.5 under Cournot competition with homogeneous goods: empirical evidence supports this structural relation against the unitary elasticity of monopolistic competition. The results hold also in a Heckscher–Ohlin model with imperfect competition generating inter‐ and intra‐industry trade due to comparative advantage or comparative preferences.