碳税情景下企业碳减排技术创新的响应机理与系统仿真

在目前中国尚未正式开征碳税的背景下,基于多主体系统仿真对不同碳税情景下企业的碳减排技术创新响应机理进行了模拟分析。结果表明:目前110元/吨的碳税税率尚不能明显改变企业的传统技术创新行为,当碳税税率上升到128元/吨后企业才逐步进行碳减排技术创新,当碳税税率达到285元/吨后所有企业皆进行碳减排技术创新。     

碳减排政策对库存运输集成决策的影响

物流碳排放是造成空气污染的主要原因,而库存和运输是影响物流系统经济效用和环境效用的两大核心要素.文章基于供应商与零售商行为的斯坦伯格博弈,构建了库存运输碳减排决策模型,并分析了碳减排政策对库存运输碳减排集成决策及供应链绩效的影响.研究结果表明:碳减排政策会提升库存和运输的碳减排水平,但也会降低零售商的销售力度和服务水平...     

欧洲碳税政策实践对比研究与启示

本文在阐述欧洲碳税实践总体历程的基础上,从征税对象和范围、税率设定、税收使用和税收优惠等四个方面对最早推出碳税的北欧各国碳税政策进行对比分析,指出了它们各自不同的政策特征,并进而将各国碳税政策划分为几种典型类型,再从税制要素和税收使用方面对各类碳税政策的要点进行总结,最后提出相关启示。     

碳税征管国际实践下对国内碳税征税主体的探索

当下,全球气候显著变化导致极端天气和气候灾难频发,形势愈发严峻,减少碳排放是全球应对气候恶劣变化的最佳选择,世界各国政府采取了不同的碳减排制度,以碳排放权交易和碳税两大减排工具为主。碳税作为强有力的减排工具,在国际上已得到广泛运用。文章总结归纳国际实践发展过程中各国不断调整的碳税征税主体选择,结合国内“双碳”目标的引领以及绿色经济发展的需求现状,对我国碳减排制度的继续深化以及碳税征收对象的选择提出建议：对国内年碳排放量百万吨以下的企业征收碳税,且对特殊主体免征碳税。     

碳税对我国区域经济发展的影响

从基本的投入-产出模型出发,运用2007年地区投入产出表以及各省统计数据,按照消费者责任原则,在考虑地区间贸易因素的情况下,对我国东、中、西部样本地区的碳排放量进行了估算,得出不同碳税水平下样本地区的税负水平。结果表明:与中、西部地区相比,东部发达地区大部分产业部门的碳排放强度较低,生产技术水平相对较高;不同碳税水平下各地区税负有较大差别;随着碳税水平的提高,地区(如西部)越不发达,税负增幅越大,所承受的税负越重,进而导致区域经济发展不平衡。为此,合理选择碳税水平对统筹我国区域经济协调发展非常必要。     

我国开征碳税研究综述

随着世界各国相继开征碳税以及"碳关税"的提出,关于我国开征碳税的研究越来越多,包括开征碳税的必要性、碳税的框架设计、碳税的经济影响等方面。文章将对我国开征碳税的相关研究进行整理,重点对以上三个方面进行梳理,以期为进一步的研究作参考。     

我国征收碳税的可行性研究——基于国外已有碳税模式

低碳经济成为当今各国发展的主流.我国作为一个负责任的大国,也积极开展了旨在控制二氧化碳排放的各种节能减排和清洁能源的研究.碳税作为一种推动从传统依赖化石能源的高碳经济向低碳型经济转型的必要手段,对有效减少碳排放量具有重要作用.本文在分析借鉴国外已有的碳税模式的基础上,对我国实施碳税的可行性进行了探讨.     

碳税政策效应理论研究评述

本文对国外有关碳税政策效应的理论研究进行了系统的回顾和梳理,分析了碳税的环境效应、经济效应、分配效应和福利效应,并比较了碳税与能源税、排污许可证交易制度在碳减排效果和政策成本方面的区别。本文分析表明,中国要实施碳税应充分借鉴国际经验和现有研究成果,并要结合我国经济社会的发展状况,作出进一步的理论分析与实证研究。碳税政策的制定,既要考虑自身的多重效应,又要仔细分析它与其他政策工具之间的相互影响。     

“双碳”背景下碳税设计及对碳排放和宏观经济的影响

双碳”目标是我国为构建人类命运共同体和实现可持续发展作出的重大战略决策,而碳税是推动“双碳”目标如期实现的重要一环。论文结合我国现行税制与经济状况,对碳税基本税制要素进行设计,并采用动态碳税调整机制,构建基于投入产出表的多目标最优碳税投入产出模型,模拟实现碳减排和经济效益最大化时的最优碳税税率,分析对宏观经济和各生产部门的影响,最后提出开征碳税的相关建议。研究发现：两种经济损失约束条件下,我国最优碳税税率分别为12.26元/吨CO₂和24.32元/吨CO₂。基于以上结论,论文建议我国实施“低开端,动态渐进”的税率模式,可采用12.26元/吨CO₂作为初始税率,并提出了制定合理碳税税率的其他策略,为相关部门在碳减排及经济增长二者中寻找平衡提供了参考。     

欧盟碳税政策的经验与启示

随着全球气候变化带来的恶劣影响进一步加剧,减缓和适应气候变化已成为世界各国所关心的重要议题。越来越多的国家采取了各种温室气体减排措施,征收碳税就是其中之一。目前欧盟一些国家已实行碳税,并取得了一定的效果。以芬兰、丹麦、瑞典和英国为例,对这四个国家的碳税情况进行比较分析,以期对中国有所启示。     

On the design of incentive mechanisms in environmental policy

The objective of this paper is to present environmental policy as a simple game in two stages within a principal-agent framework. At the outset the authority adopts a transfer payment rule. Then the firms react by carrying out abatement activities, based on their chosen levels of emission and output. Next the authority measures the emissions (and residual profit of the industry) and revises the level of its instrument. Then the game starts again. Our purpose is to narrow the scope of ad hoc incentive schemes by characterizing families of optimal linear schemes.We thank two anonymous referees for their valuable suggestions. We have also benefited from comments from I.-M. Andréasson, J. B. Opschoor, H. Verbruggen and the other members of the Task Force II: Environmental Policy instruments of the European Science Foundation Programme: Environment, Science and Society. Wang acknowledges support from the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG).     

The EU ETS and corporate environmental abatement

This article studies the relationship between firm-level emissions-to-cap ratio (ETC) and environmental abatement, by using a unique and extensive data set of 10 762 installations covered by the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS) matched to 5931 firms. We find that a shortage of emissions allowances is related to more abatement in later years while a surplus of emissions allowances results in worse subsequent environmental performance. This finding underscores the importance of reducing the global amount of allowances in the ETS system. Our results also suggest that stakeholder pressure and the creation of transparency concerning corporate environmental performance are likely to support the effectiveness of the system.     

Adverse Selection and Pigou Taxes

It id assumed that firms have different technologies, and that an environment protection agency knows which technologies exist, but not which is used by which firms. Neither the emissions of individual firms nor their total emissions are observable. The output of each individual firm, however, can be monitored without cost. Based on this information tax schemes are constructed which induce firms to produce the socially efficient output quantities. Conditions about cost functions are derived which ensure the existence of tax schemes which yield first best solutions.     

Employment Services

Using published research articles as a measure of output, the author ranks graduate schools' success in preparing economists.     

Hybrid Carbon Incentive Mechanisms and Political Acceptability

This paper analyses how hybrid systems of carbon taxes and tradeable permits optimize some conflicting dimensions of political acceptability related to the design of these instruments. Pure systems like taxes without exemptions or auctioned tradeable permits cause problems for political acceptability in open economies due to high overall costs (abatement cost plus payments on the tax or auctions) for current polluters. Unfortunately, pure systems based on grandfathering of emission rights across the board do not provide a feasible alternative because of monitoring and enforcement problems. In contrast, consciously designed hybrid systems employ grandfathering of emission rights together with either carbon taxes or auctioned carbon permits in order to overcome acceptability problems of pure systems, while leaving incentives to reduce emissions at the margin untouched. Moreover, monitoring and enforcement costs of the hybrid systems are less due to the lower number of participating agents compared with the pure systems, while opportunities for cost- or burden-sharing exist as well.     

A Dynamic Model of the Environmental Kuznets Curve: Turning Point and Public Policy

We set up a simple dynamic macroeconomic model with (i) polluting consumption and a preference for a clean environment, (ii) increasing returns in abatement giving rise to an EKC and (iii) sustained growth resulting from a linear final-output technology. There are two sorts of market failures caused by external effects associated with consumption and environmental effort. The model is employed to investigate the determinants of the turning point and the cost effectiveness of different public policies aimed at a reduction of the environmental burden. Moreover, the model offers a potential explanation of an N-shaped pollution–income relation. It is shown that the model is compatible with most empirical regularities on economic growth and the environment.      

碳减排“双试点”政策能否发挥“减污降碳试验田”效能

碳交易政策和低碳城市试点政策作为两项典型的碳减排试点政策,对减污降碳是否具有政策叠加效应?本文基于2006-2020 年中国 279 个地级市面板数据,运用多期双重差分模型,从政策协同、目标协同的视角探究碳减排政策对城市减污降碳的影响.结果表明:①碳减排\"双试点\"政策对减污降碳具有明显的协同效应,政策实施时间越长,减排效应越强;②\"双试点\"政策通过创新效应和减源效应实现减污降碳协同;③西部地区、非资源型城市、非老工业基地和发达城市实施\"双试点\"政策,减污降碳效果更好;④两个\"单试点\"政策都能促进减污降碳,二者相比,碳交易政策的降碳效果更好,低碳城市试点政策的减污效应更优.\"双试点\"比\"单试点\"政策对减污降碳更有效,先成为低碳城市试点再实施碳交易政策的\"双试点\"城市减污降碳效果更明显.本文研究可为碳减排政策的实施提供参考和一定支撑.