基于可计算一般均衡模型的中国碳税政策模拟

减少二氧化碳温室气体排放是各国都要面临的共同任务之一,征收碳税是积极应对气候变化和促进节能减排的有效政策工具。利用可计算一般均衡模型(CGE),探讨了实施碳税政策对中国各行业的温室气体排放及宏观经济影响。模拟结果显示,征收碳税是一种可行的政策选择,对温室气体的排放有明显的抑制作用。碳税的征收方法要本着公平公正的原则在全社会统一进行。碳税的税率不宜过高,当碳税征收在20元每吨标准煤时,二氧化碳排放减少了4.3%,GDP相对上升3.4%,适度地征收碳税可以促进经济总量的提升,在传统能源生产和消耗型产业适度降低生产规模的条件下换来了第三产业的高速发展。     

征收碳税的可行性分析

随着全球变暖,作为主要的温室气体二氧化碳,如何减少其排放变得尤为重要。许多经济学家提出,通过对生产中使用的传统化石燃料的含碳量来征收碳税,从而实现温室气体减排。事实上,有些国家已经率先实行征收碳税。本文就中国是否应该征收碳税进行了分析。     

征收碳税的可行性分析

随着全球变暖,作为主要的温室气体二氧化碳,如何减少其排放变得尤为重要.许多经济学家提出,通过对生产中使用的传统化石燃料的舍碳量来征收碳税,从而实现温室气体减排.事实上,有些国家已经率先实行征收碳税.本文就中国是否应该征收碳税进行了分析.     

欧盟碳税政策的经验与启示

随着全球气候变化带来的恶劣影响进一步加剧,减缓和适应气候变化已成为世界各国所关心的重要议题。越来越多的国家采取了各种温室气体减排措施,征收碳税就是其中之一。目前欧盟一些国家已实行碳税,并取得了一定的效果。以芬兰、丹麦、瑞典和英国为例,对这四个国家的碳税情况进行比较分析,以期对中国有所启示。     

温室气体减排政策工具应用的国际经验及启示——基于政策工具演进的视角

通过对欧盟、伞形国家集团和发展中国家温室气体减排政策工具应用情况的国际比较,总结了减排政策工具应用的基本经验,得出了对我国的启示：继续运用好标准和管制为代表的＂传统＂政策工具;充分考虑政策工具的应用条件,稳步推进＂高级＂政策工具;加强温室气体减排政策工具之间的协调;以提高能源效率作为温室气体政策工具的核心目标;近期应谨慎推出碳税;循序稳妥推进碳市场建设。     

试论我国二氧化碳减排政策的实施策略

近年来,全球气候变暖的趋势进一步加剧,越来越多的国家和地区对二氧化碳等温室气体采取了减排措施,碳税和排放权交易制度是达到既定减排目标最有效的政策工具。根据我国目前的实际情况,当前宜采用排放权交易制度为主,碳税为辅的政策方案。但由于碳税更简洁,管理成本、经济成本更低,当各方面条件成熟时,宜过渡到全国统一的以碳税为主的减排政策方案。     

聚焦碳税——碳税的中国路径

由于二氧化碳是最主要的温室气体之一,能源系统又是最主要的二氧化碳排放源,因此目前温室气体排放控制的重点集中在能源系统二氧化碳排放的削减上。中国作为能源消耗大国和二氧化碳排放大国之一,节能减排已经成为政府重要的政策目标。除全面采取必要的法律、行政措施外,包括碳税在内的经济政策措施,成为推动节能减排的重要手段。     

发碳税政策对于河南经济-环境-能源系统的影响

为了更精确的研究碳税政策对我国区域经济-环境-能源系统的影响,本文通过建立CGE模型来研究减少碳排放、实施碳税政策对河南能源消耗、碳排放以及社会经济的影响,影响结果表明：随着二氧化碳减排目标的不断升高,碳税水平也在不断提高;同时河南消耗的主要能源是煤炭,碳税的征收对于煤炭消费有较大的抑制作用,同时征收碳对河南的社会经济有一定的负面冲击。     

温室气体减排的责任主体分析与对策

温室气体减排是调整经济结构、转变经济方式的重要抓手和突破口,在经济"新常态"和国家确定应对气候变化国家自主贡献的背景下,温室气体减排责任需要进一步调整。文章在分析我国温室气体减排工作现状的基础上,提出我国现行温室气体减排工作存在着责任主体错配的问题,并相应地给出调整地区温室气体减排责任主体的建议。包括转变温室气体减排核算方法,突出从生产端转向消费端核算;加强能源就地转换,提高温室气体减排的效率;加大温室气体减排的投入,创新投入机制,设立温室气体减排专项基金;以碳排放交易为基础,建立能源生产地和能源消费地的温室气体减排交流机制等。     

模拟征收碳税对我国经济的影响——基于DSGE模型的研究

本文通过一个多部门动态随机一般均衡模型,模拟了征收碳税前后的总产出、环境质量在多种外生冲击下的动态反应,比较和分析了碳排放强度目标分别下降20%和40%时,征收碳税和提高碳税税率的效果。研究表明:(1)减排目标为20%时,所有外生冲击对总产出和环境质量的影响介于不征收碳税和减排目标为40%之间;(2)不同于货币政策冲击和政府购买冲击,征收碳税后的劳动力供给冲击和生产率冲击可以实现经济增长和环境质量提高的"双赢"局面;(3)征收碳税在时间和强度上对环境质量有明显的改善作用,但前提是制定合理的减排目标;(4)随着碳税税率的提高,减排效果也愈发明显,但总产出表现不同程度的下降,减排目标越大,总产出下降越明显。     

Policy choice for end-of-pipe abatement technology adoption under technological uncertainty

Regulators have increasingly become concerned about end-of-pipe abatement technologies because they not only play a crucial role in air pollution control but also ensure the achievement of the deep carbon emissions reduction target. This paper investigates the effect of emission taxes and standards on the adoption of end-of-pipe abatement technology when the arrival time and degree of improvement of the new emissions abatement technology are uncertain. We find that the ranking of emission taxes and standards in terms of motivating early adoption depends on the policy stringency. More specifically, for high levels of environmental stringency, standards induce an earlier technology adoption than taxes, while the opposite conclusion holds for low levels of environmental stringency. The sensitivity analysis shows that these findings are robust to various relevant crucial parameters. Finally, the implications for the choice of environmental policy have been provided.     

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT POLICY UNDER INTERNATIONAL CARBON LEAKAGE

This article studies environmental management policy when two fossil‐fuel‐consuming countries noncooperatively regulate greenhouse‐gas emissions through emission taxes or quotas. The presence of carbon leakage caused by fuel‐price changes affects the tax‐quota equivalence. We explore each country's incentive to choose a policy instrument in a two‐stage policy choice game and find subgame‐perfect Nash equilibria. This sheds new light on the questions of which policy instrument is more stringent and of why adopted instruments could be different among countries. In particular, our result suggests a reason why developing countries tend to employ emission taxes whereas developed countries tend to adopt quotas.     

Carbon-reducing taxes and income inequality: general equilibrium evaluation of alternative energy taxation in Taiwan

Recently, several studies have been a detailed evaluation of the economic implications of energy taxation as a policy instrument to conserve energy and reduce carbon emissions. However, little attention has been devoted to inquiring about the economic implications of energy taxation in the newly industrialized countries (the so-called NICs). In this paper, we use a multisector, multihousehold computable general equilibrium model to assess the distributional effects of alternative energy taxation on the Taiwan economy. The counterfactual simulation technique is applied to investigate the income distribution implications of: (1) an increase in the import taxes of crude oil; and (2) an increase in the excise taxes of petroleum products. Our empirical results basing on Taiwan's data show that both energy taxes increase government revenue and the Gini coefficient, but reduce net value-added, private consumption, disposable income and equivalent variation. A raise in the Gini coefficient implies that there is a worsening in the distribution of income. The lowest income group suffers relatively large welfare and income loss, but the highest income group suffers a relatively small welfare and income loss. The distributional effects differ from household to household depending on the composition of their total consumption and the source of their factor income. Our findings reveal that the energy tax appears to be mildly regressive, there are broadly consistent with those cases of developed countries reported in previous studies.     

Taxes versus quantities for a stock pollutant with endogenous abatement costs and asymmetric information

We compare emissions taxes and quotas when a (strategic) regulator and (non-strategic) firms have asymmetric information about abatement costs, and all agents use Markov perfect decision rules. Firms make investment decisions that affect their future abatement costs. For general functional forms, firms’ investment policy is information-constrained efficient when the regulator uses a quota, but not when the regulator uses an emissions tax. This advantage of quotas over emissions taxes has not previously been recognized. For a special functional form (linear–quadratic) both policies are constrained efficient. Using numerical methods, we find that a tax has some advantages in this case.     

Hybrid Carbon Incentive Mechanisms and Political Acceptability

This paper analyses how hybrid systems of carbon taxes and tradeable permits optimize some conflicting dimensions of political acceptability related to the design of these instruments. Pure systems like taxes without exemptions or auctioned tradeable permits cause problems for political acceptability in open economies due to high overall costs (abatement cost plus payments on the tax or auctions) for current polluters. Unfortunately, pure systems based on grandfathering of emission rights across the board do not provide a feasible alternative because of monitoring and enforcement problems. In contrast, consciously designed hybrid systems employ grandfathering of emission rights together with either carbon taxes or auctioned carbon permits in order to overcome acceptability problems of pure systems, while leaving incentives to reduce emissions at the margin untouched. Moreover, monitoring and enforcement costs of the hybrid systems are less due to the lower number of participating agents compared with the pure systems, while opportunities for cost- or burden-sharing exist as well.     

Carbon Abatement and International Spillovers

Carbon abatement policies in large open economies affect both the allocation of domestic resources and international market prices. A change in international prices implies an indirect secondary burden or benefit for all trading countries. Based on simulations with a large-scale computable general equilibrium model of global trade and energy use, we show that international spillovers have important welfare implications for carbon abatement policies designed to meet exogenous emission reduction targets. We present a decomposition of the total welfare effect of carbon abatement policies into a primary domestic market effect (at constant international prices) and a secondary international spillover impact as a result of changes in international prices. This decomposition reveals the extent to which domestic abatement costs are increased or decreased as a result of the impact of carbon abatement on international prices.     

Climate Policy,Learning, and Technology Adoption in Small Countries

A significant reduction in global greenhouse gas emissions requires international cooperation in emission abatement as well as individual countries’ investment in the adoption of abatement technology. The existing literature on climate policy pays insufficient attention to small countries, which account for a substantial proportion of global emission. In this study, we investigate how climate policy and learning about climate damage affect investment in abatement technology in small countries. We consider three alternative climate policy instruments: emission standards, harmonized taxes and auctioned permits. We say that learning is feasible if an international environmental agreement (IEA) is formed after the resolution of uncertainty about climate damage. We find that, either with learning and quadratic abatement costs or without learning, harmonized taxes outperform emission standards and auctioned permits in terms of investment efficiency. Without learning, a large cost of nonparticipation (that a country incurs) in the IEA can be beneficial to the country. Whether learning improves investment efficiency depends on the size of this nonparticipation cost.     

Policy implications of potential conflicts between short-term and long-term efficiency in CO2 emissions abatement

This paper shows that, under certain conditions (including path dependence and lock-in), policies and measures leading to a cost-effective GHG emissions mitigation in the short term may not allow reaching long-term emissions targets at the lowest possible cost, that is, they might not be cost-effective in the long term. The reason is that, in a situation where currently expensive technologies have a large potential for cost reductions through learning effects and R&D investments, the implementation of incentive-based mitigation policies such as taxes or tradable permits will encourage the adoption and diffusion of currently low-cost abatement technologies, but might not be enough to make attractive the diffusion of expensive ones, which is a necessary condition for these technologies to realise their cost-reduction potential through the aforementioned effects. A simple model and a numerical simulation are provided to show this possible conflict between static and dynamic efficiency, which points out to the need to combine different instruments, some aiming at short-term cost-efficiency (such as incentive-based environmental policy) and others at encouraging dynamic cost reductions (such as technology/innovation policy).     

Regional burden sharing of GHG mitigation policies in a decentralized federation

The distribution of the burden of cost of GHG mitigation policies is a contentious issue. This is particularly true among regional jurisdictions within a federal country with decentralized power. The regional allocation of emissions permits could hinder the political feasibility of national GHG mitigation policies. We build a multi-region computable general equilibrium (CGE) model to assess the implications of different burden sharing rules in a hypothetical national GHG abatement policy with a market-based instrument. In addition to assessing the impacts of regional permit allocation rules that entail inter-regional transfers of wealth, we consider a particular emissions allocation scheme, called ‘no prior entitlement’ (NPE), that avoids such transfers. The insights derived from the simulations suggest that the NPE policy avoids the politically contentious issues of inter-regional transfers of scarcity rents. Its welfare impact lies between those in the entitlement-based permit allocation schemes.     

中国发展碳排放权交易市场核心机制设计研究

碳排放权交易是全球应对气候变化的政策创新和金融创新工具。对国内外碳排放权市场的运行机制和发展状况进行了分析,剖析了碳排放权市场配额分配、法规创设、监督与处罚等核心机制设计问题,并以期为中国碳排放权交易市场的发展提供政策性思路。