《公司法》修订与商业银行信贷债权的维护

新修订的《公司法》放宽了对公司设立与出资的管制,规范了公司的关联交易与对外担保行为,引入了法人人格否认制度,强化了对公司中小股东与债权人利益的保护。本文认为,在新《公司法》框架下,公司信用的基调已从静态的资本信用转向动态的资产信用。对此,作为公司债权人的商业银行,应当确立事前、事中和事后的不同措施,认真做好贷款管理和评价工作。商业银行必须关注客户公司内部治理和对外经营的动态变化,并分析这些变化对公司偿债资产的法律影响。在此基础上,商业银行应充分利用新《公司法》及其他相关法律赋予的权利,有效维护信贷债权。     

新《公司法》对商业银行信贷经营的影响及对策

2006年1月1日起正式施行的新《公司法》,是对1993年《公司法》的全面修订.商业银行作为公司的主要债权人,新《公司法》的实施对银行信贷管理工作提出了新课题,尤其在对公司主体的调查、审查,规范公司对外担保,对公司贷后跟踪管理等方面,都带来一定的影响.因此,有必要研究新《公司法》对商业银行信贷业务的影响,并采取有效对策,维护商业银行信贷债权.     

新《公司法》对商业银行担保贷款审查的影响

新《公司法》一方面赋予公司充分的经营自主权,公司有对外担保的自由;另一方面,通过规范公司对外担保行为,来防范公司对外担保可能带来的风险。然而,新《公司法》关于对外担保的规定比较原则,在实务中不可避免会遇到很多问题。本文从“新”、“好”、“难”三个方面对新《公司法》对商业银行担保贷款审核的影响展开分析。     

以银行视角看新《公司法》的影响

对银行而言,一方面,由于公司客户是商业银行最主要的客户,因此公司法律制度的完善和有效运行,对保护银行债权及信贷资产安全无疑具有十分重要的现实意义;另一方面,由于新修订的《中华人民共和国公司法》在公司的设立、经营、治理乃至于公司解散清算等环节鼓励公司与股东自治,扩张公司的商事权利能力与行为能力,使新《公司法》在赋予公司更大的自治空间的同时,也对银行提出了更高的风险管理要求。     

法人格否认制度在不良贷款维权中的适用

我国信用体系的素乱状态是令人尴尬又无法回避的现实，我国法律长期以来未能建立充分有效的债权人保护制度以求得其与出资人权益平衡的格局是我国信用体系陷于紊乱局面的法律根源。目前在许多法律发达国家兴起的法人格否认制度在信守有限责任的同时有效地实现了出资人与债权人之间权益格局再次平衡，并使债权人得以向滥用法人格行为人追索债权。我国新《公司法》对这一制度的引入将激发债权人发动各种救济手段乃至借助公权机关追究背信行为人的法律责任．对我国金融债权的保护乃至信用体系的重整具有极为特殊的意义。[编者按]     

新《公司法》出台，银行信贷法律审查需转移视线

新修订的《中华人民共和国公司法》于2006年1月1日起正式实施。修订后的《公司法》更明确、具体，利于操作。新《公司法》对商业银行的经营管理将产生重要影响，信贷法律审查需转移视线，转移银行信贷业务法律审查的关注点，维护银行权益。     

公司对外担保新规定与商业银行应对之策

新的《中华人民共和国公司法》和中国证监会和银监会联合发布的《关于规范上市公司对外担保行为的通知》已于2006年1月1日施行。它们对于公司为股东担保问题作了特别规范,对过去相关的担保规则作了明显调整。文章分析了公司对外担保的新规定,并提出了商业银行的应对之策。     

我国公司法律制度的完善与银行债权保护

法律通过对多元利益主体进行规制实现利益均衡，进而促进社会生活的有序运转。基于利益均衡的思想，各国公司法不仅关注公司与股东、股东和董事、股东和董事、公司与雇员、公司和社会公众之间的权利义务关系，而且还关注对公司债权人合法权益的保护。我国目前正在酝酿修改公司法，在修改过程中立法机关对完善公司治理结构、保护中小股东利益等问题给予了很大的关注，但同时对公司债权人保护问题却没有给予足够的重视，理论界也缺乏系统的研究。基于此，本文在外国和中国相关立法进行分析的基础上，就完善我国公司法债权保护制度进行了探讨，并就现行公司法律制度下银行债权保护工作提出了建议。     

解读新《公司法》对商业银行公司业务的影响

新修订的公司法于2006年1月1日开始正式施行，新《公司法》最值得关注的是在《公司法》两大基本制度，即资本制度和公司治理制度上的创新和突破，这对商业银行公司业务的开展和金融债权的保护将产生重要影响，本拟就与商业银行公司业务相关的内容谈谈自己的学习体会，以求抛砖引玉之效。     

新旧《公司法》在保护债权人利益方面的比较

新《公司法》于2006年1月1日实施,作为调整社会经济关系最基本、最重要的一部法律,对保护债权人利益有着重要影响.公司制度是否完善、管理是否科学,决定着公司的生死存亡,直接影响着债权人的经济效益是否能够实现以及资金是否安全,二者相辅相承,缺一不可.所以《公司法》的修改对于债权人来说,是一件倍受关注的大事.本文用比较的方法,指出新旧《公司法》在保护债权人利益方面的不同.     

Shadow banking of non-financial firms: Arbitrage between formal and informal credit markets in China

In China's credit markets with financial repression, state-controlled non-financial firms (SOEs) are privileged in gaining access to bank credit, while non-SOEs, especially those small- and medium-sized firms, are disadvantaged. Corporate re-lending emerges as a response wherein the former secure bank loans and then re-lend to the latter. We document the characteristics of inter-corporate loans from a sample of legal cases. We employ four empirical strategies to conduct a forensic study of re-lending by detecting abnormal relations between financial accounts of listed firms. State-controlled companies conduct more re-lending, and firms with better growth opportunities, stronger corporate governance, and more financial constraints engage less. We compare re-lending with entrusted loans and find that firms extending nonaffiliated entrusted loans conduct re-lending actively, while firms offering affiliated entrusted loans do not. We also compare inter-corporate loans with micro-credit company loans in a review of legal cases.     

公司债券的多头监管、路径依赖与未来发展框架

公司债券市场受益外因的蓬勃发展更应激发对其自身可持续发展内力的探索。改变公司债券只是作为政府配置信贷资源手段的定位,授予企业根据财务需求安排债务融资的权利;协调三部委主导不同债券规则的多头监管,建立统一合理的监管体制;改变计划性的债券规则和分割的债券市场,建立市场化的统一债券规则和交易机制,是未来我国公司债券市场走向繁荣的必由之路。     

The designing of corporate accounting law in Japan after the Second World War

After the Second World War, during the neutralization of the controlled economy of wartime Japan, a design for a Corporate Accounting Law was elaborated by the Investigation Committee on the Business Accounting System. The Investigation Committee tried to establish not only new business accounting standards but also a central and independent administrative organ of corporate accounting regulation on the basis of the Corporate Accounting Law. The Corporate Accounting Law was expected to lay the legal foundation of the new corporate accounting regulation regime in Japan. Nevertheless, even though the original design of the fundamental accounting law was never realized, it should be considered the starting point for our understanding of external accounting history in post-war Japan.     

How legal and institutional environments shape the private debt renegotiation process?

I investigate how legal and institutional conditions around loan origination influence a private debt renegotiation process. Using a large sample of 15,000 loans on the European credit market, I apply a sequential logit model to consider the renegotiation likelihood, the conditional probability of multiple renegotiation rounds or multiple amended terms, and the renegotiation outcomes conditional on specific loan amendments. I find that legal systems with stronger protection of creditors control rights have a positive influence on renegotiation likelihood and favorable outcomes on amendments to amount or maturity. Stronger legal protection reduces renegotiation likelihood when creditors face potential strategic default by shareholders. The legal and institutional environment has a significant effect on how the initial design of the financial contract impacts the renegotiation process.     

Collateral damaged? Priority structure,credit supply,and firm performance

A unique legal reform in 2004 in Sweden redistributed collateral rights from banks holding floating liens to unsecured creditors without changing the value of assets on firms’ balance sheets. Using a country-wide panel of all incorporated firms, we document that a zero-sum redistribution of collateral rights and the resulting reduction in collateral capacity towards banks contracts the amount and maturity of corporate debt and leads firms to slow investment and forego growth. Altering their allocation of assets, firms reduce particularly those assets with a low collateralizable value for banks and also hoard more cash. However, the reform has no impact on corporate capital intensity or efficiency, suggesting that under these newly binding credit constraints firms simply shrink their operations.     

“多言寡行”的环境责任表现能否影响银行信贷获取——基于“言”和“行”双维度的文本分析

基于我国推行绿色信贷的政策背景,本文考察了企业“多言寡行”的环境责任表现能否影响银行的信贷决策。研究发现:(1)从总体来看,“多言寡行”的环境责任表现有助于企业获取更多的银行借款。(2)相比于长期银行借款,“多言寡行”对于短期银行借款的正向影响更为明显。(3)《关于构建绿色金融体系的指导意见》的出台抑制了“多言寡行”对银行借款的正向影响。(4)进一步分析发现,相比于环境责任表现“少言多行”以及“少言寡行”的企业,企业“多言寡行”的环境责任表现对于银行的信贷资源具有显著的正向影响;“多言寡行”对银行借款的正向影响在无背景关联、价值较低以及市场环境更差的企业中更为明显。本文有助于信贷机构认识到绿色信贷政策面临的执行风险,为确保绿色信贷的健康发展提供了新的决策参考。     

Corporate legal structure and bank loan spread

This study examines how a firm's corporate legal structure may affect its borrowing costs. Corporate legal structure refers to the legal fragmentation of a firm into multiple, separately incorporated entities. This fragmentation is bound to be a factor when lenders determine the pricing of debt and design of contract terms because they can enter into legally enforceable agreements only with specific legal entities. Using a sample of private loans to parent companies in the United States, I find that a more complex corporate legal structure is associated with higher loan spread. The findings are robust to several firm and loan characteristics and are incremental to the effects of other forms of organizational structure, namely business and geographic diversification. Subsequent evidence suggests that the effect of a corporate legal structure on borrowing costs is, at least partly, explained by recovery risk.     

Green credit policy and corporate access to bank loans in China: The role of environmental disclosure and green innovation

This research assesses the effectiveness of China's green credit policy. We explore whether firms with better external environmental disclosure and internal green innovation receive more bank loans because of green credit, and utilize a panel of 1086 listed Chinese manufacturing enterprises from 2012 to 2017 to test our hypotheses. The results suggest that firms with higher environmental disclosure quality do not obtain more loans, and only green innovation promotes access to corporate loans. We show that the underlying cause of this phenomenon is corporate green-washing, which is prevalent in soft environmental disclosure and hinders enterprises from obtaining more loans. Our findings contribute to the literature on green credit policy, corporate green innovation, environmental disclosure, and green-washing, and provide a reference for companies, banks, and governments to make decisions.     

Intellectual property rights reform and the cost of corporate debt

This paper investigates the role of intellectual property rights (IPR) protection on the cost of bank loans for firms in 48 countries. Using substantial reforms of patent rights as a source of identifying variation, the paper provides strong evidence that borrowers from countries that underwent IPR reform experience significant reductions in the cost of bank debt. Importantly, the effects of IPR reform on loan rates are significantly larger in industries that are more IP-intensive. Additional analysis shows that in the wake of reforms borrowers obtain larger size loans, which indicates that improvements in IPR are associated with greater credit availability. IPR reform also increases foreign lenders participation in loan syndicates. Overall, these findings suggest that legal protection afforded to intellectual property has a significant impact on the cost of corporate borrowing and the ability of innovative firms to raise debt capital.